Motherhood in The Bean Trees Essay

Another prominent example of motherhood is Lou Anns family with Dwayne Ray. Although the baby has not developed a personality yet, and bay windownot resolve with his mother, we cannot tell how Dwayne Rays part of the relationship is, but we can predict how it result be. It can be assumed that he leave always be cared for by his mother, Lou Ann, for her worrisome ways and fear of her sons termination have her a vigilant mother, unrelenting in keeping him as safe and healthy as manageable. When she asked Taylor of her opinion of her motherhood skills, Taylor replied that The flip facial expression of worrying to much is right not caringDwayne Ray will always know that, no matter what, youre n eer spillage to neglect him. Youll never just sit around and let him dehydrate, or grow up without a personality, or anything analogous that. And that would be ever so much worse. You read about it happening in the composing all the time Somebody forgetting a baby in a car and letting It roast, or some such thing. If anything, Lou Ann, youre just too dangerous of a mother. (pg. 156) of which she speaks total truth that Lou Ann, although worrisome and wanting in backbone, still is a good mother, because she tries with all her efforts to make certainly Dwayne Ray grows up.She is of the most passionate of mothers in the book, and will do her achievement to see to it that Dwayne Ray will live past 2000, despite some(prenominal) her dreams and nightmares may tell her. Taylor, the main mother of the book, is the only non-biological mother represented, which makes her relationship with turtleneck all the more special, meaning that she took her despite their lack of family ties, and fought to keep her, although she could have easily relinquished her duties as mother.Throughout the book, she plays a lineament shes avoided all her life, in order to nurture and care for this teentsy girl that was guardn to her care against her own wishes. She has absolutely no speck what to do, and constantly worries that she isnt raising Turtle properly. Her worries are lessened, however, after Turtle beings speaking, her first noise being laughter because if Turtle was unhappy, she would have not laughed when she did a somersault.Taylor becomes more confidant in her role, and purgetually accepts it to be abruptly normal, as does everyone else, and no one even considers Turtle not to be Taylors kid, proven when many biological references are made between the two, despite their lack of blood ties. After Turtle is attacked in the park, Taylor begins to retrieve that she isnt doing a good job as a segregate mother, and when Turtle is threatened to be taken away from Taylor, she feels that the case to bring through Turtle is helpless and begins to think that the state department would do reveal than she would in raising the child.However, Mattie convinces her otherwise when she tells Taylor that she isnt asking the correct questions, that Youre asking yourself, Can I give this child the best possible upbringing and keep her out of harms way her whole life want? The answer is no, you cant. But nobody else can either. Not a state home, thats for sure. For heavens sake, the best they can do is turn their heads while the kids learn to pick locks and snort hootch, and then settle to keep them out of jail. Nobody can protect a child from the worldDo I think it would be interesting, maybe even enjoyable in the long run, to share my life with this kid and give her my best effort and maybe when alls said and done, stop up with a good friend. (pg. 178). What Mattie says here when comforting Taylor is a Barbara Kingsolver definition of motherhood. Taylor worries that she is unable to care for a child, and that with this attack, even the state would do a better job than she could, but, as Mattie said, no one can protect a child from the world, and especially someone that doesnt care for them, like the state.They need a mother, a guardian , anyone that cares about them to raise as good a child as chance permits. Through the caring and sum Taylor received as a child, the worry and extreme concern Lou Ann pays Dwayne Ray, and Taylors behavior towards a child that is not her own, all show examples of how, biological or not, a mother or a mother-like role in a childs life can lead them to wealth or ruin. Their moral fiber, their behavior, their ethics all depend upon what they are taught and embossed upon.Newt Hardbine and Jolene Shanks never had these morals and ethics instilled in them, thus jumper cable them to terrible, even short lived, lives. Barbara Kingsolver uses these examples, even through minor characters such as Sandi at the Burger Derby and Bobby Bingo who sells vegetables out of his truck. All examples seen in The hit Trees show that Motherhood and the role of a mother plays a frequent part not only in the book, but universally.

Aqa-Scly1-W-Qp-Jun11

General Certificate of Education Advanced supplemental Examination June 2011 Sociology Unit 1 Wednesday 18 May 2011 For this musical theme you must apply ? an AQA 8-page solving book. SCLY1 9. 00 am to 10. 00 am Time allowed ? 1 instant Instructions ? Use black ink or black ball-point pen. ? release the information required on the front of your result book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is SCLY1. ? This paper is divided into ternary components. ? Choose ane department and tell all of the questions from that section. Do not answer questions from to a greater extent than one section. ? Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not destiny to be excoriationed. Information ? The marks for questions be shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 60. ? Questions carrying 24 marks should be answered in continuous prose. In these questions you will be marked on your ability to use dangerous English orga nise information clearly use specialist diction where appropriate. G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 6/6/ SCLY1 2 Choose one section and answer all of the questions from that section.Section A Culture and Identity Total for this section 60 marks Read full points 1A and 1B below and answer questions Item 1A Interactionists touch a persons identity as arising from interactions with other muckle and from how those interactions argon interpreted. For example, social expectations about what is an appropriate untenanted activity for an previous(a) person may influence what that person does in their spare time. This prime(a) of leisure activity may affect how they see themselves and how others see them, both of which contribute to their sense of identity.Item 1B For Marxists, culture in society reflects ruling-class ideology. It expresses the distorted construe of the world put forward by the dominant class and is consequential in maintaining the administration of social inequality that exis ts in capitalist society. Functionalist sociologists contest that the culture of society reflects the shared values of that society. Society needs a shared culture to run effectively, and various agencies play their part in socialising members of society. 0 0 1 2 Explain what is meant by socialisation. 5 0 1 to 0 5 that follow. (2 marks) invoke two reasons, apart from the one mentioned in Item 1A, why leisure choices may vary across different age groups. (4 marks) Identify three characteristics and/or concepts associated with interactionist views of culture and identity, apart from those mentioned in Item 1A. (6 marks) visualise sociological explanations of the ways in which ethnicity may make up social identity. (24 marks) utilise real from Item 1B and elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of the role of culture in society. (24 marks) 0 3 0 4 0 5G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 3 Section B Families and Households Total for this section 60 marks Read Items 2A and 2B below and answe r questions Item 2A Many people see childhood as a natural stage of life-time that is determined by biology. What is expected of children is wrought by their age. However, sociologists suggest that childhood is a social construction. For example, changes in the laws regarding haughty education and access to the labour market have shaped the experiences of children today. Item 2B Feminists take a critical view of the family.They argue that family life maintains and promotes sex inequality. For example, this is reflected in the domestic division of labour. Housework and childcare in the family, which are carried out mainly by women, are unpaid and hardly recognise as work at all. However, some sociologists suggest that feminist theories thin the extent of family diversity. In fact, family roles and relationships are varied and therefore womens experiences of family life are more diverse than some feminists suggest. 0 0 6 7 Explain what is meant by the social construction of chil dhood (Item 2A). 0 6 to 1 0 that follow. 5 (2 marks) Suggest two ways, apart from those mentioned in Item 2A, in which government policies and/or laws may shape the experiences of children today. (4 marks) Identify three reasons why the birth rate has fallen since 1900. take apart the reasons for changes in the divorce rate since 1969. (6 marks) (24 marks) 0 0 1 8 9 0 Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess the share of feminist sociologists to an understanding of family roles and relationships. (24 marks) second over for Section C Turn over ?G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 4 Section C Wealth, Poverty and wellbeing Total for this section 60 marks Read Items 3A and 3B below and answer questions Item 3A In the United Kingdom, there is a mixed deliverance of benefit training. This means that a range of different individuals and organisations provides welfare. The kingdom benefits system is part of this provision and includes some benefits that are universal and others that are m eans-tested or selective. Voluntary groups also provide welfare services alongside the state and other providers.Item 3B Some sociologists suggest that the attitudes and behaviour of the poor themselves are a significant factor in the existence and continuation of poverty. The poor have a distinct subculture that is different from the rest of society. This subculture encourages certain attitudes and behaviour that view as the poor locked in poverty. However, other sociologists question the existence of a slump of different norms and values among the poor. Instead, they suggest that poverty arises from the structure and organisation of society. 1 1 1 2 Explain the difference between income and wealth. 1 1 to 1 5 that follow. 5 (4 marks) Suggest two advantages of welfare benefits being universal, rather than selective (Item 3A). (4 marks) Suggest two advantages of welfare provision by voluntary groups (Item 3A). (4 marks) 1 1 3 4 Examine the reasons for the increasing inequality of wealth in the United Kingdom since the 1970s. (24 marks) Using material from Item 3B and elsewhere, assess the view that the attitudes and the behaviour of the poor themselves are responsible for poverty. (24 marks) 1 5 END OF QUESTIONS Copyright 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1

Compensation Decisions Essay

As a human resource manager, just ab disclose people believe that our line of credit is only to fix problems within the employment or terminate employees who ar non performing up to the standards of the comp any(prenominal). Without clear-sighted fully scarce what the position entails, this misconception bequeath continue. Today I will be sharing a small yet important off cause that falls into the hands of the human resource manager. This wait on is the hiring a further. It is a impact that involves several(prenominal) abuses to ensure that the company retains the best advisedidate likely to fulfill the position which is being offered.Within the hiring process fall several key comp unrivallednts that help to ensure that the vista will fit in with the structure of the company. Included in this process are recruiting, hiring, evaluating, and honorarium. Each step has additional factors which play a part in the overall process. I will be breaking down the process by ca tegories, and explaining in depth exactly what goes into selecting the future employee.To begin, as with any search we must first decide exactly what we are aiming to achieve. In order to peg down down the selection, as a department we must come up with key question that identify what qualities we are looking for to fulfill the position. This process can be easily accomplished by creating a proletariat compend. A task analysis will help to determine exactly what demands to be completed within the new position. A complied key of assignments that need to be fulfilled will help to create the line of business analysis. Once the taskanalysis is completed, a blood line analysis can be formulated. With any job analysis, we aim to select the right view to ensure that the companys goals will be reached. A job analysis consists of creating the job summary, identifying essential job functions, listing need knowledge, as well as experience an education, and identifying equipment need ed to fulfill the position, and environmental factors. on the whole of these components help in the process in selecting the ideal candidate. Creating a job analysis is harder than it seems. As the human resource manager, this step needs to be carefully considered, since if it is not done correctly can lead to diversion in the workplace. In an article Employee Deviance as a chemical reaction to Injustice and Task-Related Discontent, the author suggests that deviance in the workplace starts do to an hurt in task assignment which employees feel they are not enured fairly in assignments, and further they deviate from their assigned tasks. (Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, 2010) Believe it or not but workplace deviance stems from a poorly write job analysis, and a job description that is not detailed decent to fully explain the associated tasks that the position requires. With this being said, a properly create verbally job analysis can combat these issues before they begin.Once the anal ysis is complete, and the job description is written, we move ahead to recruitment. This process ensures that the proper candidates are selected based on qualifying information from the job description. This step helps to exceed any persons that may not fit the qualifications of the position, as well as the needs of the company. Recruitment can be critical since many factors need to be considered. One factor would be how you chose to recruit for the position. For this position we as a department chose to recruit online by using various websites, such as Monster.com. This made the application process simple, since the candidates are able to accept at their convenience and it elevates setting aside time for both the candidate and the company to have applications accepted on site. This form of recruitment in any case helps the human resource department in selecting the candidates that host the qualifications that are required to fulfill the position. Recruitment strategies often help to determine if the candidates selected posses the proper skills set and knowledge that is needed to perform the job to the best of their ability. I must agree that recruitment is a tricky partof the process. Having individuals present themselves on paper and recruiting them in person is a tough decision to drive, and one that can impact the entire working environment as a whole.Once the recruitment selection has been completed, crucial factors come into ease up such as salary and evaluations. Compensation is offered upon employment, yet after an evaluation is completed, stipend can be adjusted based on slaying. With the real recession, compensation decisions can be challenging, yet need to be expressed in order to keep be down, while palliate retaining qualified employees. As stated in the article, Compensation Challenges, If key business generators perceive their compensation to be inadequate, or their company to be at bump of floundering, they may take their busines s skills and leave (Cotterwjan, 2009). This serves to be true, so compensation is a critical key in retaining employees. If not compensated to what the employee feels is adequate than the risk factor of the employee leaving becomes an issue. This will create more spending to recruit, and costs to train another individual for the position. That in itself does not help to cutting off cost but just the opposite and raises them. One way to make sure that compensation decision making is done correctly, author of expose Them the currencyReally suggests that in a recession what you pay still matters. Alexander suggests that instead of undercutting now to save money, ultimately you will pay more. (Alexander, 2009)Once the economy starts to change, you will be forced to shell out more money for high paying salaries to maintain the employees that you have, or supersede the ones that have left. This holds true with any profession, even though at the current time the employers have the upp er hand because people outnumber the acquirable positions, as the market starts to change, the people will relocate to a higher paying position with another company. Deciding what compensation should be should be weighed on certain factors such as experience, knowledge of the field and qualities that they stick to the company. It should not reflect the current economy, since that is always changing. When deciding the compensation for the police squad for this assignment, I asked myself the same two questions that were asked in the article Learning and the model of Compensation which were, Firstly, do employers learn more quickly well-nigh workers who are paid for performance than somewhat those who are not? Secondly, does learning about performance pay workers depend on the specific form of performance pay? (Hoon, 2013)After carefully reading the evaluations of the employees I thought about the previous questions. What did I really know about the evaluations in look of me? I wa s only able to take what was presented and compensate according to their reviews. This makes it precise difficult for a human resource manager to ap stress any increases since what a supervisor may feel is warranted, human resources may not be able to support the increase without knowing fully what that employee brings to the table. Since in bigger businesses, the human resource department is not familiar with the backgrounds of the employees, than it becomes the responsibility of the direct supervisor to relay any pertinent information in the evaluation to support their decisions.Since starting this assignment, I would have to say that I was unaware of all the work that goes into the entire process and how many half-size things can affect the outcome if not done correctly. As a employee it seems easy to state that there is a new position available, but if that position is not described correctly the entire process could prove to be costly for the company, and not beneficial cons idering all the time and driveway that is set forth in the entire process. Not only is the process time consuming, it lays out the guidelines for the position, and what is expected for the future employee. Without the proper guidelines, this process would not be as effective as it is today.ReferenceAlexander, J. (2009). Show Them The Money.Really Business NH Magazine , 33. Cotterwjan, J. D. (2009). Compensation Chellenges. rightfulness Practice The Business Of Practicing Law , 47-49. Hoon, B. (2013). Learning and the Form of Compensation. Journal of Labor Research , 79-98. Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, P. (2010). Employee Deviance as a Response to Injustice and Task-Related Disconnect. Psychologist-Manager Journal , 131-146.

The Relationship Between Structure Mentoring Programs

The solvent of refreshing tweak oblige retentiveness go alongs a challenge in umpteen healthcargon facilities. More than 50% of sore fine-tune checks leave their first employment in slight than a socio-economic class (North, Johnson, K nonts & Whelan 2006). Because new fires ar oft faced with a variety of stressors in their ascendant practice it is clear that a merged pedagogics political platform could be of immense value. Such a chopine would go out technical and emotional withstand to nurses and so ease their transition into the whole refining.This article provides a critical review of the belles-lettres on mentoring, in disperseicular the impact that expressiond mentoring programs swallow on the belongings enume evaluate of new graduate nurses. In the first fraction I allow for look the nature of mentorship within the nursing discipline. I leave behind discuss the functions of a clump mentoring program and the chief characteristics of the mentor mentee consanguinity. In the flash prick I will provide a critical review of the books concerning the kinship betwixt mentoring programs and additiond nurse memory pass judgment.The third fragment explores common pitfalls that subsume in a dys practicable mentoring program. last(a)ly recommendations to organisations ar proposed based on the review findings. Introduction Graduating from a nursing educate is a considerable achievement. New graduates eagerly anticipate their first fructify in the real world. The issue however of new graduate nurse memory continues to be a grave concern in many health charge facilities. It was reported that more than than than 50% of new graduate nurses leave their first employment in little than a year (North, Johnson, Knotts & Whelan 2006).New recruits are often faced with a variety of stressors associated with beginning practice. It is clear therefore, that a merged mentoring program which provides technical and emotional oblige to new nurses may be atomic number 53 of the best retention strategies for nurse administrators. This article provides a critical review of the writings on mentoring, with an furiousness on the impact that structured mentoring programs urinate on nursing retention rates. The first comp wiznt part sets up mentoring concepts and processes as identified in the literature. The second section will provide a critical eview of the literature on the kindred mingled with structured mentoring programs and the nursing retention rate.The third section explores common pitfalls that subsume in a dysfunctional mentoring program. The final section addles recommendations to organisations regarding a triumphful mentoring program. Signifi tin evokece New nurse graduates have many employment options. They provide choose not to work in settings where they are not permited and often they go through that option. Common themes emerging from the literature take the stand that many new nurses lose some(prenominal)(prenominal) confidence and a sense of competence (Oermann & Garvin 2002).They are afraid of m uniformg mistakes they complain of an un verificatory environment and of macrocosm obliged to work with difficult colleagues (Oermann & Garvin 2002). A lack of recognition of their work as well as difficult shift-work schedules have also been identified as sources of distress (McVicar 2003). It is a sad incident that one out of every three nurses under 30 geezerhood plans to leave during his or her first year of employment (Nelson, Godfrey & Purdy 2004). The cost of such(prenominal) high directs of unnecessary nurse crimpover is signifi appriset (Halfer, Graf & Sullivan 2008).More importantly the resulting deficit of nursing personnel inevitably affects the quality of patient of care in hospitals and can compromise patient safety (Leners, Wilson, Connor & Fenton 2006). In reception to the critical issue of nursing retention, hospital managements hav e been urged to address the issue by developing a more congenial work environment. However, it is marked that mentoring initiatives are still not integrated into many healthcare organisations, condescension a plethora of literature relating this with electropositive outcomes. literary works search relevant studies were identified by searching the following electronic informationbases Cumulative top executive to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Ovid and ProQuest. The depictwords or their combinations have been utilised in the searching process. These include mentorship, preceptorship, new graduate nurses, personnel retention, and personnel recruitment. opposite(a) literature was identified through searching the bibliographies of studies found through electronic searches, including the World Wide Web, Google Scholar and library data systems.Inclusion criteria include discussion/ opinion papers and articles/materials written in English. There were no particular discipline re fixedions and there were also no item figure restrictions. Articles that were published after 1999 were sought. The retrieved articles were reviewed and selected based on these criteria the kinship between clump mentoring programs and personnel retention benefits of mentoring new graduate transition and possible pitfalls of mentoring. Literature review What is mentoring?There is a satisfying body of literature which deals with mentoring and preceptoring as discrete functions (Block, Claffey, Korow & McCaffrey 2005 Kelly 1994). To date however, the two terms continue to be apply interchangeably or synonymously (Block et al. 2005). It is useful to strike some distinctions between them. Preceptorship is understood as an organised orientation course program in which the nurse preceptor facilitates the integration of new mental faculty into determination responsibilities in the clinical setting for a limited period of time (Greene & Puetzer 2002).This relationship is often v iewed as one-sided and patriarchal (Leners et al. 006). In contrast, mentorship is a reciprocal relationship established between two nurses on the basis of respect and compatible personalizedity with the common goal of guiding the nurse toward personal and master copy growth (Block et al. 2005134). The relationship often come to passs over a much long-run period, depending on whether the agreed-upon goals have been achieved (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Stated simply, the features of mentorship as distinct from other reinforcement roles in clinical settings include a vehement repertoire of retainer functions, reciprocal sharing and a relatively longer duration (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000).Characteristics of the relationship Mentorship primarily involves a mentor and a mentee in a matched relationship (Latham, Hogan & Ringl 2008). This relationship is characterised by a process of enabling, cultivating, and empowering a less undergo practitioner within the work environment (Mort on-Cooper & Palmer 2000). In this longitudinal relationship, both mentors and mentees assume their own responsibilities and obligations in achieving either organisational or personal goals (Latham et al. 2008).In this relationship, a mentor is recognised as a wiser and more generated practitioner, who makees certain personal and captain attri andes such as well(p) interpersonal skills, self-confidence, flexibility, knowledge, and an interest in professional growth (Kane-Urrabazo 2006193 Andrews & Wallis 1999204 Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Personal attributes that have been identified as important factors to conquest also include sincere listening skills, the ability to facilitate learning and being comfortable in giving feedback (Sherrod, Roberts & Little 2008 Woodrow 1994).The literature refers to the nurse being mentored as a mentee, protege, learner, or mentoree (Zucker, Coss, Williams, Bloodworth, Lynn, Denker & Gibbs 2006 Hunter 2002). Referred to here simply as the me ntee she or he can be any nurse at a distinctive arrange of his/her profession (Leners et al. 2006). The characteristics of a mentee that allow a functional mentorship to flourish include honesty the capacity to take responsibility being ready and available for feedback following through on decisions, having a strong self-identity and a willingness to learn (Wagner & Seymour 2007 Sherrod et al. 008).Structured mentoring program Various structures of formal mentoring programs are available across institutions (Latham et al. 2008). Broadly speaking, the structure of a mentoring program run offs several(prenominal) stages of strategic planning (Latham et al. 2008). Initially the focus is on establishing objectives and measurable outcomes, role delineation for mentors and mentees, establishment of criteria for involvement in mentorship and the construction of a supportive system and a surveillance system of the mentor-mentee team (Latham et al. 2008).Those parties who are touch on in this formal relationship are required to fulfil pre-determined aims, objectives and outcomes as identified by their respective supporting organisations (McCloughen, OBrien & Jackson 2006). The second stage in which the program is implemented involves the selection of suitable mentors, the recruitment of mentees, (on both a voluntary or involuntary basis) and mentor preparation (Latham et al. 2008). Final stages include an evaluation through reflection and feedback by mentors and mentees, to determine whether specific objectives and measurable outcomes have been achieved (Latham et al. 008).The program duration may last one year or even longer (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 2000). Structured mentoring programs and retention success In this session, several issues regarding structured mentoring program and retention success will be addressed. First, we must ask what mentoring functions are important to retention success? Second to what extent or in what way does mentoring contribute to the retention of new graduate nurses? Each of these questions is considered in the following section. Benefits of mentoring programsMentoring has been shown to provide a beneficial effect on a proteges job satisfaction levels and willingness to remain in an organisation (Fleig-Palmer 2009). One aspect of the mentoring relationship is the passing of knowledge from a more experienced staff (mentor) to a less experienced staff (protege) (Heartfield, Gibson, Chesterman & Tagg 2005). Research suggests that by the absorption via socialisation of specific skills to proteges is positively related to personal learning in the workplace (Sherrod et al. 2008).This component is akin to preceptorship which also includes skill-development (Sherrod et al. 2008) and is widely accepted as a crucial orientation to new graduate nurses. Literature has linked preceptorship to a high level of satisfaction together with successful retention (Almada, Carafoli, Flattery, French & McNamara 2004 Lee, Tzeng, Lin an d Yeh 2009). Anecdotal assure shows that new graduates after completing the preceptorship program tend to seek more support, a fact which in itself would imply a strong invite for good mentoring programs.A second aspect of the mentoring relationship is the psycho-social support the mentor may provide to a mentee support which enhances his or her sense of competence and confidence (Heartfield et al. 2005). Recent findings from a longitudinal get wind suggest that mentoring fosters organisational retention rates through the establishment of emotional connections between mentor and mentee, by contributing to higher level of commitment to the organisation (Beecroft, Dorey & Wenten 2007).A substantial body of literature also supports the notion that mentorship initiatives can divine service new recruits transiting into the whole culture (Leners et al. 006). Positive environments can be created through patronage interaction, talk and relational caring between different generations o f co-workers (Latham et al. 2008). Such interactions can admirer new nurses transcend the generations, norms and values differences in a unit (Latham et al. 2008). It also can aid a new recruit in getting in touch with overt or covert culture within the practice environment (Morrow 2008). Ultimately, better patient outcomes can be achieved, which in turn can increase nurses satisfaction (Leners et al. 2006).Many studies show that individuals who were mentored report higher levels of job satisfaction (Halfer et al. 2008 Krugman, Bretschneider, Horn, Krsek, Moutafis & Smith 2006 Faron & Poeltler 2007). An abundance of look for studies indicates that organisations who implement mentoring programs show a consistent decrease in turn-over rate of new nurses (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003 Greene & Puetzer 2002 Halfer & Graf 2006 Halfer et al. 2008 Zucker et al. 2006 Persaud 2008). Similar results are also evident in other disciplines such as Medicine, Pharmacy and Academia (Cohn, Bethancour t & Simington 2009 Sambunjak, Straus & Marusic 2006).One report in particular highlights the benefits of mentoring. A study from the southern United States by Zucker and co-workers (2006) was through to determine the impact of an 18-month mentoring program on nurse retention in five hospitals. Prior to commencement of the program, participants completed a personality profile, to get wind successful pairing (Zucker et al. 2006). This program included topics such as communication and conflict resolution skills, co-operative learning and time-management (Zuker et al. 006) all subjects which are normally not covered in conventional orientation programs.At the end of the program, both parties reported that the mentoring relationship increased their knowledge and helped them become better pile and better colleagues (Zucker et al. 2006). Higher levels of protege satisfaction were directly translated into increased retention. In this case, the increase was 16% (Zucker et al. 2006). Given that the high turnover rate of new recruits, mentoring program yield a significance of cost-saving to healthcare system. Research methodology/ touchstone issuesAdmittedly, strict evidence for an make betterd retention rate is hampered by the subaltern sample size of these programs (Hamilton, Murray, Lindholm & Myers 1989 Faron & Poelter 2007). Atkin and William (1995) argue that findings which result from such small goal-directed studies cannot be generalised. Despite numerous studies therefore which show that retention rates increase with the application of a mentorship program (Block et al. 2005), it is still difficult to draw a firm conclusion on the direct causal relationship between mentoring programs and the attained retention level.This is due to the limited amount of knowledge provided with respect to evaluation tools, sample size, mentor styles as well as the lack of a comparison company in the available studies (Gagliardi, Perrier, Webster, Leslie, Bell, Levinson, Rots tein, Tourangeau, Morrison, flatware & Straus 2009 Greene & Puetzer 2002 Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003). In addition, the outcomes of these studies may be affected by differences that exist in a mentor-mentee relationship the programs aim and function and the absolute frequency of interaction between mentor and mentee (Jacobi 1991 Beecroft et al. 2007).Lack of strong quantitative data may prevent the establishment of a positive colleration between mentoring programs and retention rates. Furthermore it can be argued that retention strategies such as mentorship (which are deemed appropriate in one hospital) may not work in another (Jacobi 1991). Atkin and William (1995) point in time out that the findings tycoon only show that mentors and mentees experience during mentorship was relatively new to them. In spite of all critiques, no one however has doubted the overall value that mentoring programs have for mentees, mentors as well as for organisations (Block et al. 2005).The existing mentoring studies on nursing which are linked to retention rates include cross-sectional and longitudinal components (Halfer et al. 2008). In contrast, empirical studies with correlational traffic pattern, contain data which are only collected for a single point of the study and are subject to a limited amount of participants (Caine 1989 Fagan & Fagan 1982). Quasi-experimental design is therefore recommended (Jacobi 1991). In such studies data is collected from a group of participants who receive mentoring programs together with another non-receiving group, at multiple points throughout the study (Jacobi 1991).Until today, it is not known how long the mentorship effect takes to emerge, in this instance, nor how long it will last (Jacobi 1991). Pure experimental research has value in find the relationship between mentoring and retention of new graduates (Jacobi 1991) but not many current studies can afford to adopt such a strict approach to measuring the cause and effect of mentori ng programs and retention rates. Pitfalls of a structured mentoring program Despite numerous of benefits gained from a mentoring relationship, the desired outcome such as retention not always achieved.Several types of difficultys that might occur in mentoring include- Selection of mentors A number of authors note that injustice in the selection of mentors can be problematic to the success of a mentoring program (Greene & Puetzer 2002 Andrews & Wallis 1999). Andrews and Wallis (1999206) state that some of the nurses are not mentors by quality, as they dare not reject their selection by the nursing manager. The mentor selection criteria have not been made clear and verbalised (Andrews & Wallis 1999).Sometimes, an experienced staff nurse does not have the attributes to become a good mentor (Greene & Puetzer 2002). Indeed, selection of the mentor should be subject not to seniority but to the mentors availability, interpersonal skills, clinical knowledge, and teaching experience (Gre ene & Puetzer 200269). An optional basis may also be use (Atkin & William 1995). An inadequate mentor who lacks strong values, or good personal and professional attributes and who exhibits unwarranted behaviours can be a liability (Kane-Urrabazo 2006).Such behaviours can include negative feedback or a lack of respect towards the mentee and can result in decreased self-esteem in the new recruit (Kane-Urrabazo 2006 Woodrow 1994). These behaviours are also known as joy stealing (Heinrich 2007, cited in Driscoll 20098). The consequence of this will be frustration for either or both mentor and mentee (Kane-Urrabazo 2006). Poor mentoring can drive the newly employed staff away (Kane-Urrabazo 2006 Woodrow 1994). It is therefore imperative that a formalised selection criteria for mentors should be identified.Compatibility Many proteges complain of being enmeshed in a dysfunctional relationship with their mentor (Feldman 1999). This is likely to occur if there is forced coordinated when a l ess experienced nurse is assigned to be with a mentor pre-selected from experienced staff nurses (Morton-Cooper & Palmer 200046). Given the closed relationship between mentor and mentee, there is a risk of this relationship becoming caustic (Woodrow 1994). Empirical studies have identified this issue (Fenske 1986).Common themes that emerge are failure of the mentor or mentee to maintain confidentiality of private information, mentee abuse of the relationship in which the mentors resources are exploited for personal advantage, mentor abuse of the enthusiasm and goodwill of the mentee by making use of his/her as a personal helper or assistant (Hunter 2002). Eventually vary degrees of injurious consequences to mentor, mentee and organisation can develop if not properly monitored (Feldman 1999). The literature has identified that mentees would have better opportunities for growth if mentees were able to select the mentors (Woodrow 1994). enemy to this suggests that matching is not as important as meeting regularly for a successful mentoring relationship (Beecroft, Santner, Lacy, Kunzman & Dorey 2006). Training for mentors Undoubtedly, a mentor is the key person in the success of a mentoring relationship. However, several studies have shown that to the highest degree mentors notion deficient in their role as mentor because their homework consisted of learning on the job, and by watching how other mountain do it (Andrews & Wallis 1999205-206).There are some institutions providing formal mentor raising to guide the mentor along (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003). An evaluation study done by Jinks and Williams in 1994 (cited in Andrews & Wallis 1999205) found those who undertake a formal course with exams felt significantly more able to undertake the role. A formal mentoring course commonly would examine the phases in mentorship, recognising different pornographic learning styles and personality traits, provide techniques in dealing with conflict and effectively he lp to manage the relationship with the mentee (Hurst & Koplin-Baucum 2003 Block et al. 00. In spite of these improvements, the legal age of the course content was still perceived as inadequate by mentors (Andrews & Wallis 1999).Additionally, those who had left school for a significant period of time, might feel the lack of a theoretical background leading to doubts as to whether they possess sufficient preparation to be a mentor (Andrews & Wallis 1999). Woodrow (1994813) argues that the ideal of mentorship might be undermined by token mentorship, in which mentors are unable to dress true mentor functions. RecommendationIt is important for hospital managers who prepare and support nurses as mentors to develop a greater understanding of mentoring from the mentors perspective (Atkin & Williams 1995). Andrews and Wallis (1999206) argue that mentors gain invaluable skills and satisfaction from their work but this often tends to be intrinsic and is internalised. Several authors believe that administrative support through financial compensation, staffing and schedule flexibility, title and leadership recognition can act as motivators for experienced staff (Greene & Puetzer 2002).Such measures would make mentors more likely to commit and sustain in this longitudinal relationship (Greene & Puetzer 2002). In addition, on-going mentor support through a mentor-support group may be helpful in maintaining the momentum (Latham et al. 2008). Latham et al. (2008) had further examined a university-hospital partnership mentoring program. The program included a component of mentor support as part of the program follow-up. It offered an opportunity for mentors to vent about the difficulties they were facing, and share the successful experiences in the mentorship.A mentor support group can clearly help management to monitor the mentorship progress and develop a strategy to rule emerging problems (Latham et al. 2008). Conclusion It is important that healthcare organisations not c ontinue to take the nurse retention issue lightly. The provision of an effective mentoring program structure is the appropriate response. This is essential in helping clinical entry nurses make a smooth transition into the working environment and at the analogous time benefit experienced nurses to achieve a higher level of professional development.Such a program can also help the organisation transcend a multitude of problems by creating a positive environment where every staff member may enjoy working. In order for an effective mentoring program to be carried out, organisations must allocate sufficiently experienced staff to act as mentors provide flexible staffing and scheduling give quality training to mentors and support the mentors through various path by title recognition, wage adjustment and support groups.In turn the program can help organisations increase retention and reduce turn-over for nurses, particularly new graduate staff. It can thus achieve better patient outcom es and increase nurses job satisfaction. By providing a structured mentoring program for new nurses career development and advancement, we can help to improve the longevity of active nursing careers and also help to alleviate the problem of current nurses retention.

Pick a Quote from the Book To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

During the depression in Alabama, patchy mint, no matter what race, were encountering hard eras. In the novel To devour a Mockingbird by Haper Lee, lookout learns life lessons through experiences passim her childhood. In her community and her signalhold, watch watches and interacts with each(prenominal) kinds of people. In the volume, guidebook learns something sunrise(prenominal) nearly the people of Maycomb in each chapter and realizes that people are more(prenominal) than what they perceive to be by interacting with three main characters in the novel, genus Atticus, Mr. Cunningham, and tinkers dam Radley.In the beginning of the book, Scouts interpretation of these characters changed throughout the figment. At the beginning of the book, Scouts dad, Atticus, was not standardized the fun capture loving father that the other kids had. Atticus was a fifty social class old lawyer that didnt have time or efficacy to even play footb every with Scout brother, Jem. Scout felt like she had nothing to brag or be proud of her father about that is shown in this quote, because his daily life was either in the finish upice or into a book. If your father was thirty youd father life kinda different It sure would.Atticus cant do anything. (Lee 120) posterior on in the story, Scout and Jem see a stray insane dog. Atticus is asked to shoot it. Scout not knowing that her dad was the beaver guessing in Maycomb had doubts of letting her dad shoot the dog. Atticus knife thrust the dog on the first bullet. When we went home I told Jem wed rightfully have something to talk about at school on Monday. (Lee 130) Scouts first impression of her dad in the beginning of the story changed when she found that she could be proud of her father for being the best shooter in Maycomb.Another main character in the novel was Mr. Cunningham who was a farmer and one of Atticus clients. Atticus was also representing Tom Robinson, who was a black man being prosecuted for ra pe by shilling Ewell. Bob Ewell had gathered a bunch of men to go down to the poky house to kill Tom Robinson. Scout, who was hiding and watching everything from afar, could not live any of the men. Later on when she ran through the men to Atticus she and then recognized one man, and that was Mr. Cunningham. At the beginning of the novel, Atticus told Scout that Mr.Cunningham was a good honest hard working man that did not urinate anything from anyone unlike Mr. Ewell. After she realized what was taking place at the fling house and what the men were there to do, she had doubts about Mr. Cunningham being the good man that her father had told her about at the beginning of the novel. Lastly, Boo Radley probably wedge Scout the most in what she learned. At the beginning of the novel, Scout, Jem, and Dill all were curious of the monster that lived at the Radleys house. He was always unploughed away and never came out.All kinds of stories about Boo Radley had been told as Scout gr ew up, made by different people in her community. Scout was so scared of Boo that she would run past his house every time she would pass it. The town would not even eat the fruit off the trees by their house because they believed Boo had poisoned them. It was obvious that Boo Radley had a deleterious rep in the town. Later on in the story, Scout and Jim find out someone is leaving them things in a tree hole. They array to believe it is Boo, who was leaving it for them, but they are still not convince that Boo is safe.Later on while Miss Maudies house was burning and Scout was watching it from afar, someone had put a cover song on her. They come to the conclusion it was Boo Radley and are confused why he would do so. When Boo Radley had saved them from Mr. Ewell in the last fewer chapters of the book, it had become clear that Boo was not bad at all but afraid of the outside world beyond his house. Scouts original perception of Boo Radley was all wrong because of the people she i nteracted with day to day. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Haper Lee, Scout learns life lessons through experiences throughout her childhood.Three main characters in this book impacted her life the most. Atticus, Mr. Cunningham, and Boo Radley showed Scout to not judge a book by its cover. Not everyone is who they first perceive to be. Like Atticus said You never really understand a person until you make things from his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. (Lee 30) Atticus was right, Scout did not really know any of these people until she put herself in their place and saw who they really were.

Mun,delegate of australia

The delegate of Australia Is very excited to join forces with delegates and participate In this prestigious conference. Today our delegation Is here to establish two of the most aggravating issues in the land. It is a great attention to our people, and we ar sure that it is a great concern to the entire world as well. The house is here to firstly discuss the Rebuilding southward Sedans Economy, following its Recent Independence and Ongoing Conflict with Sudan.As a late nation, atomic number 16 Sudan is building some of TTS institutions from the very start, with core administrative structures and mechanisms of governmental representation beginning to emerge. The Government Is still struggling to provide elemental services for the majority of the population. Since the land independence in July 201 1, high swelling has been affecting the economy, which persist ins relatively undeveloped. Secondly, the HIVE virus, most commonly know as back up. AS all of you ar aware, Elim inating Stigma and Discrimination Against those infect with HIVE/.They tend too suffers from a tremendous lack of lath care, which accelerates the populations expiry rate. The HEADWINDS is affecting 1. 1 zillion people in the rude,therefore they are constrained to leave their homes and are left In poverty. CLC. Due to Its history of so many civil wars, diseases and death rates are always change magnitude in The widespread destruction of homes and hospitals has left children without families and many people with sicknesses and injuries. Because of the uncouth poverty, state health facilities offer no treatment for HIVE/ support other than voluntary tests and council.The HEADWINDS virus acts as a significant bracken on the economic growth and development of the country, since the people affected are forced to leave their Jobs. For these reasons we urge all delegates of the house to vote In favor of our resolution. TLS delegate of Australia wishes to contribute and collaborate wi th other delegates to solve these very urgent issues. Thank you for your attention Topic 1 after decades of persistent civil war that left two and a half million dead, the devastated and vastly underdeveloped southern part of Sudan secured Its Independence In 011.The worlds issueest country came into existence amid great challenges. Secession from Sudan marked a major milestone and opportunity for due south Sudanese, but the nascent state has remained fragile. During its first geezerhood of independence, an oil standoff with neighboring Sudan, inter-communal violence, persistent rebellions by splinter reserves groups, increasingly constrained political space, corruption, and limited economic opportunities troubled the young nation. Then, In 2013. Power struggle within the ruling political ships company mutated Into an armed conflict, first on the streets of the capital city, and then across the country. South Sedans latest war has killed thousands and displaced almost one mill ion people. Although a bound of hostilities agreement has since been signed, it is not beingness enforced. As South Sudanese try to move forward, they have to build stable inclusive national dialog process, security sector reform, and real accountability measures are needed to wield the root causes of South Sedans violence.Otherwise, the continued violence raises the specter of further inhumanity crimes, and ungenerous destabilize consequences for the region. Industry and infrastructure in landlocked South Sudan remain limited, imposing prohibitive costs on the procurement and livery of relief items and other operational activities. Seasonal rains and annual flooding allow large parts of the country inaccessible by road amid June and November. Inter-ethnic conflicts continue in various parts of the country, causing internal and cross-border displacement. In Jingle, more than 132,000 were displaced by August 2013.The rate of refugee influxes from Sudan remains considerable, w ith almost 6,700 individuals registered between January and August 2013 in Unity and f number Nile states. The South Sudanese regimen continue to provide protection and safety for over 234,000 refugees in the country and have allocated land for two new refugee camps in Unity and Upper Nile States. Following the creation of the Commission for Refugee Affairs in early 2013, the political science established a regular presence in the refugee-hosting areas, ensuring effective coordination with improver actors on the ground.In a newly independent nation, parts of the population remain at risk of coming stateless by virtue of being of mixed Sudanese-South Sudanese parentage, originating from border areas, or having resided in Sudan for an extended result of time. TOPIC 2 actors that contribute to Wealds-related stigma include HIVE/AIDS is a life-threatening disease, and therefore people react to it in hale ways. HIVE infection is associated with behaviors (such as homosexuality, drug addiction, prostitution or promiscuity) that are already stigmatize in many societies.Most people become infected with HIVE through sex, which often carries moral baggage. There is a hatful of inaccurate information about how HIVE is transmitted, creating irrational behavior and misconceptions of in the flesh(predicate) risk. HIVE infection is often thought to be the result of person-to-person irresponsibility. Religious or moral beliefs lead some people to desire that being infected with HIVE is the result of moral fault (such as promiscuity or deviant sex) that deserves to be punished. The effects of intervocalic therapy on peoples somatogenetic appearance can result in forced disclosure and favoritism based on appearance

Assess Different Sociological Explanations of SuicideAnomie Essay

Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess diametric sociological explanations of felo-de-se. (21 marks) Suicide is theintentionaltakingofones sufferlife and sociologists over the years hold tried to put fore various explanations for why soul whitethorn do this.Within sociology in that respect argon numerous different feelings on suicide on the nominates and explanations for it, these fargon from two main methodologies which be overconfidents who believe that sociology is a science and they should mystify to set about causal laws on suicide rates, compared to Interpretivists who believe that they should smack for kernel female genitals features and certain one-on-ones experiences before the suicide. Other perspectives too put in their views on what they believe to explain suicide for representative, Realists.Item A references to Durkheims Structural Functionalist view on suicide, as say Durkheim believes that payable to sociology existence a science with the topic of suicide it is very easy to pick out causal laws or as said in Item A kindly facts. Due to the fact Durkheim believed that there were a number of causes cigarette suicide he form four types of suicide from a Positivist viewpoint. Egoistic suicide which is when individuals are non combine well large into society for example heap who live alone compared to those who live with family. secondly Altruistic suicide which is when individuals are felt to be too integrated into society causing suicide, for example members of the armed forces were said to get under ones skin great suicide rates than civilian personnel as they were too powerfully integrated into a united body. Durkheim also put off the imagination of anomic suicide, this is when the norms and values in society become unclear or conf apply in times of great social change and an individual is not taught to adapt to changes well enough. For example an unexpected death of a family member is sudden social c hange which can cause Anomic suicide.Lastly, he suggested Fatalistic suicide. Fatalism is the thinking of the individual that they can do energy to affect their situation and individuals regain their future blocked and oppressed due to society over regulating them. For example slaves and prisoners may overhear this outlook when they condition their give birth lives. Durkheim said that his lap up on suicide had some(prenominal) merits as it correctly revealed that suicide is a social rather than mental occurrence and proved his methodology that you can establish laws and shew that sociology is a science.However his theory on suicide has been met with some criticism. Douglas claimed that Durkheims work relied too heavily on the use of official statistics on suicide and he incorrectly assumed that these were representative of the real truth. Douglas notes that official statistics are socially produced and can be distorted in many ways, for example via concealment and varying definitions of suicide by coroners meaning that the validatedity of the statistics is doubted. So Douglas himself put forward an explanation for suicide.Douglas adopted a Symbolic Interactionist perspective, on with a interpretive methodology which is opposite to that of Durkheim. Some would argue that Douglas selected to look at suicide as an area of investigation as he thought it would illustrate the beliefs of Interactionists and highlight the short comings of the Structural Functionalists positivist memory access. Douglas used psychiatrists reports and newspaper accounts to come up with his four patterns of social meaning for suicide and within his study he took a very subjective approach looking at meaning and motives.In Douglas view suicide could be due to four reasons, the first to gain release from the cares of the world to find happiness, to change the opinion of others in the suicides favour, to achieve a state of bronco buster feeling creating a climate of sympathy o r to simply give birth revenge towards those who are causing pain towards them. Douglas believed that his work highlighted that suicide is a rational act rather than an automatic response to the environment as people are active not passive, and also to show that sociology is not a science and we should look into meanings over statistics.Obviously this was highly criticised by Structural Functionalists such as Durkheim who believed that Douglas work was too unscientific and that he incorrectly assumed that the nature of man is active rather than passive. another(prenominal) sociologist who takes an Interpretivist methodology is Atkinson, believing that social meaning and context is more historic in finding root causes. However unlike Douglas, Atkinson is a Ethnomethodologist which has a central belief of showing that each individual use their own members methods to work out what they see.This is why Atkinson decided to study suicide, also to show how official statistics are not en ough. Atkinson focused on a medical examiners report and underwent participant observation at an office to see what methods they used to decide whether a death was suicide or not. Atkinson tell that they used common sense theories of suicide so if certain tuition were to fit the theories it would be called a suicide. They would look at clues to help decided, Atkinson named a few to which he believed was important within their decisions.Firstly was there a suicide note left, this clearly is a big clue to whether or not the individual meant to kill themselves. Secondly how did the individual die as certain ways such as hanging point towards suicide, also the location of the body, usually if it is hidden away out of sight consequently the person is indicating that they did not want to be found. Finally did the individual agree any past mental illnesses or life history that could chip in them towards suicide.Atkinson therefore stated that a suicide finding of fact reflects the as sumptions and interpretation of the clues by the coroner rather than reality and facts. Atkinsons study was said to have some merits as it did identify what clues coroners use to arrive at a suicide verdict, but also shows that positivists use of quantative data such as official statistics is not valid as they are produced by coroners who tail the label of suicide on their own social assumptions.Hindess put forward a criticism for both Douglas and Atkinson, arguing that although Interpretive researchers have keep that suicide statistics can be misleading they havent stated to what extent they distort peoples ideas, so therefore it may only be slight and still be possible to make accurate causal laws from a Positivist viewpoint. Taylor has put forward his view on suicide, taking a Realist approach which is very different from the explanations already stated.Taylor has tried to combine both Interpretivist and Positivist methodologies to come to a verdict on suicide. Taylor underwent a study on the London Underground and people who had died from falling underneath a train asserting that causal factors are important in considering suicide especially that of significant others such as family. In his investigation over half of the 32 who had died were said to have committed suicide although they were no actual evidence, coroners just based this on history of mental illness.Ignoring such factors of suicide and focusing on coroners is unrealistic, so looking at causal factors is from Taylors view a valid approach. But it is also important to gain a fuller cause of suicide by finding a synthesis between the causes of the occurrence which is the Structural Functionalist side but also the exploration of the social meanings behind it, showing the Interactionist approach.Taylor therefore identified a category for suicide which is feed suicide, where it has occurred by the conduct of other people towards the suicide, for example family members have make the individuals life so unbearable this is the only way out. An advantage of Taylors approach to suicide is that it attempts to show how both positivist and interpretive methods are useful in trying to understand suicide, however certain sociologist have criticised it for being too one sided. It has been stated that Taylor focused more on the Interactionist failing to achieve Structuralism.Another criticism from Durkheim is that Taylors cause of suicide that he put forward seems unimportant compared to the large exfoliation of the structural causes central concern such as sudden social change which is a more widespread reason. To conclude many sociologists have differing views to try to explain suicide and why they think individuals do take their own lifes, however these are just theories because no one volition ever know the real root cause of why someone has ended their lives unless they leave a note explaining why and in many causes this does not happen.

Bailout tarp in the united states

As the headlines in todays newspapers all most the world show, there is a global frugal slowdown. Economies all all over the world are being plunged into what is tentatively being cal lead Recession. part there are those who believe that this is simply an expected trend given the rapid growth of the global economy, it still does not detract from the fact that it is an pressing and pressing problem. In order to address this problem, several governments have issued long bail-outs and lawfulnesss designed to manage the system.In line with the principles of Keynesian Economics, it seems that the government is the provided pseudo capable of solving this problem. It is this government intervention through the Federal Reserve, led by Ben Bernanke, that is touted as the solution to the countrys, if not the worlds, economic problems. According to most economists, the current bailout scenarios that have been presented are nothing much than prime examples of throwing good money aft er bragging(a).Instead of tackling the problem head on by implementing sound fiscal and monetary policies, the United States government is knack on revitalizing the economy by allowing massive losers such as the AIG group to continue accumulating losses and patronizing its already proven bad habits. The main strategy here, as employed by Chairman Bernanke, is to eye prime the economy through a fluxed strategy of monetary and fiscal policies. It is posited that increase funding to these black hole institutions pull up stakes be the key to ending this financial crisis.One of these policies is the voluntary capital purchase program. It is aimed at selling preferred shares of stock to the United States Government on kind terms that afford the maximum amount of protection to the taxpayer. Another polity that has been implemented is the systematic risk exception under the FDIC Act which grants the FDIC the fountain to guarantee, on a temporary basis, the senior debt of all FDIC i nsured institutions. The thirdly policy that has been announced is the increased access to funding for all of the descentes in various sectors of the Ameri elicit economy.The goal of this is to stimulate economic growth on a micro level in order to develop square(p) economic fundamentals that can help resuscitate the economy. Other travel that the Federal Reserve has taken include the strengthening of capital placement and funding ability of American Financial Institutions. These are to be achieved through multilateral agreements such as the reciprocal funds arrangement (Swap Lines) with supranational Central Banks.Finally, the heralded US $700 billion bailout plan that was recently enacted into law has likewise been designed to infuse much needed capital into the market and to protect the exposure of several multinational and local financial institutions. While there are thusly real benefits for pump-priming the economy, the more pragmatic nest is to control spending. On e of the options available to control this problem is to adjust have-to doe with rates in order to prevent capital flight and also encourage more investors to bring in foreign currency. By increasing interest rates the accept for local currency is increased.The reason for this is that only the local currency can be used in transacting business in the country. This means that investors have to convert their foreign currencies into local currency in order to be able to do business dealings in the market. If foreign investors come into the country then there will now be a marked increase in the demand for the local currency thus stabilizing the exchange rate formerly more. While there is certain economic and political sense in the policies of Bernanke, the herculean task of rehabilitating one of the worlds largest economies cannot be through through the efforts of the Federal Reserve alone.Even employing one or a mix of the strategies would only be preliminary to finding the real s olution to the problem. So while current theories show that monetary and fiscal policies may indeed impact inflation and unemployment thus alleviating the economic situation, such is not unendingly the case in certain situations as shown in the example provided. The fundamentals such as solid economic fundamentals must forever and a day be considered when looking at the impact of such changes to see if they can really attain the desired effect.

Indian Civilization Essay

Civilization is the greatest achievement in the history of human beings. While defining the term polish, Philip Atkinson says, Civilization is a community that dominates tout ensemble other communities by violence. 1 The things which argon essential to make a politeness are cities, governments, armies, and communal achievements like subjugations and inventions. The civilization started from the formation of the cities. And most of the quaint civilization flourished in the savings bank of rivers. E. g.Egyptian Civilization which was flourished in the bank of Nile River while Indian civilization prospered in the bank of Ganga River and the Saptasindhu (The overthrow of heptad rivers) region. In ancient globe the different civilizations developed. Among them some major and notable civilizations were the Egyptian Civilization, Greek Civilization, Persian Civilization and the Indian Civilization. Indian civilization during the Later Vedic Period is explained in this paper throu gh intuitive, rational, and a posteriori essence India is regarded as the cradle of civilization. Civilization started here in this land very long time ago.About 3000 B. C. , the civilization shaped in India. This civilization is mantic to be one of the worlds first of all great civilizations. We can vex innumerable amazing things which are the deduction of the immensity of this civilization from all perspectives such as literature, art, architecture, science mathematics and astrology. Indian civilization has presumptuousness a platform to many scientific discoveries. Here in our paper we are considering the specific period for our seek and that is Vedic Period which started in 1500 B. C. After the ruin of Harappan cities Indian subcontinent experience a new civilization.This new culture was brought in India by the Aryans. Aryans came from rally Asia through Khaibar Khind and settled in the region of seven rivers which was cognize as Saptasindhu. And after that they start ed settling in Ganges valley which was known as Aryavarta. This particular era is called Vedic period because in this age the phantasmal and philosophical hymns called Veda were serene by the Aryan people. The Vedas composed by Aryans were fundamentally in Sanskrit language. The Vedas were of four types, first is Rigveda which is the oldest hymns The other three are surface-to-air missile Veda, Yajurveda, and Athharva Veda.These three Vedas basically laid a strong foundation to Hindi religion and the Hindu doctrines. Rigveda is the mythical text which includes the knowledge in its goldbrick imagery of what the clairvoyant had realized. Yajurveda is the Vedas of ritual which consisted of 1975 verse mantras. It has split into forty chapters. Samveda is the veda of margin call or music while Atharva Veda is the Veda of Chants. The Vedic period is excessively divided into two different eras, Early Vedic period and Later Vedic Period. Later Vedic period started in around 1000B. C. to 600 B. C.This age is likewise known as the Epic age because the one of the greatest epics from the world were composed during this era. They are Ramayana and Mahabharata. Ramayana was indite by sage Valmiki while Mahabharata was composed by Sage Vyas. Intuitive Theatre, Music and Drama in Vedic Period Aryans created Samveda to fulfill their deep predilections and flair for art. The different Gods were worshipped during different times of the days and nights. The Brahmanas who supposed to be the highest topmost Varnas were responsible for program line the art and literature.The religion and music were associated with each other and the artist was supposed to give up all worldly pleasures and comforts and devote himself to the full to his art. The women basically were expert in fine art than performing arts. Indian Classical dances also flourished in the same period. Along with the progress in music, the arts of choreography and theater were also in vogue. According to the Lin ga Puraana, a major disciple of Shivaa named Nandikeshwara wrote a treatise on the subject of dancing called Nritya- Darpan. (Nritya means dance and darpan means mirror).2 In Vedic period the music would be highly esteemed place in every family. Vocal Music, dance, and instrumental music would be performed in strict rhythm. Vedic period was prospering from all point of views. In music theatre and drama also this civilization had given remarkable contribution. The major book written on classical music dance and drama was by sage Bharata which whence became popular as Natyashastra. It is the major dramatic theory of Sanskrit drama. This book has given the proper rules of writing, performing dance, music, and theatre.The exact period of Natyashastra is unknown but it is predicted that it was written in 200B. C. to 200A. D. Vedic Architecture There was a strong emphasise of science behind every Vedic Architecture. Vedic Architecture was known as Vastu Shastra. Basically the buildi ngs built in ancient India were based on the scientific parameters. While describing about the Architecture in India Swami B. G. Narasingha in his article Vastu Shastra and Sacred Architecture states, Throughout the world its hard to find a place where quasi-religious architecture is as developed a science as is that found in India.Indias ancient temples and palaces are certainly among the finest ever built. From the Taj Mahal, the seventh wonder of the world, to the Pagodas of Tamil Nadu, from the Himalayan pitcher shrines to the great temple at Jagannatha Puri, India is a veritable treasure-house of holy architecture. In fact there are more existing examples of sacred architecture in India than in all other countries of the world combined. 3 experimental Vedic mathematics In Vedic period, the major mathematicians like Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II who contributed in achieving the outstanding progress in mathematics.The Indian mathematics was wholesome advanced an d the scholars of mathematics studied basically decimal number system, zero, and electronegative numbers, arithmetic and algebra. There was a gap of a few speed of light years between Vedic period and the first millennium A. D. when the works of some major Indian astronomer-mathematicians like Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta, Shridhara and Bhaskara I and II appeared. 4 The Vedic mathematics was basically composed in Sanskrit language which used to be the official language of Aryans. The numeral works consisted of the section of sutras.In these sutras the mathematical problems were stated into verses so that it would be possible for the students to understand them quickly. The special sign of Vedic mathematics is that though the bulky texts they were they were maintain by extension through oral tradition. The people in those days used to hold it and thus by learning the sutras and all other mathematical concepts they preserved the mathematics and handed over it to the next generation. It is really an amazing mark of Indian culture. truly remarkable achievements of the Indian pandits who have preserved hugely bulky texts orally for millennia. 5

Environment, Crime, and Disease of Pakistan Essay

In 1947 Pakistan was granted a partition from British India and Pakistan was created. Since that date, Pakistan as a region has been facing a set of unique problems. Environment, abhorrence and disease ar issues that influence the lives of all volume of Pakistan. Awareness, security and tribute by Pakistan government is required if change is expected. Over people and terrorism are 2 issues that must be addressed by the Pakistans government. Pakistan is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the straightaway growing countries in the world and the province is tainted by the terrorist acts, which support place every day. Pakistans present-day(prenominal) relegate and the issues of terrorism and commonwealth have authoritative influence on environment, crime, and disease within Pakistan.Over creation is defined as the show in which numbers exceed the ability to succeed available resources. Overpopulation creates a long list of problems which includes but not restrict to issue s of food shortage in the country because its resources are not decent to meet the needs of the people, issues of transportation resources that are not adequate to furnish better transport facilities to whole of the population. Overpopulation creates air, water and noise pollution in the environment and in this way, badly effects the environment and the health of the people of Pakistan. The ratio between the population and available resources cannot be ignored. Available resources ordain not be sufficient to meet the demand of rising population. The kernel of burn out produced by population forget slow d feature the waste management programs leaving untreated waste and poor hygiene that will result in the spread of diseases.Overpopulation will conciliate the spread of transmittable diseases even easier. Health resources available will not be sufficient enough to cater to the needs of the huge population. community issues of Pakistan and how this issue is touch on the enviro nmental health and economical state of Pakistan is a real concern. Pakistan is superstar of the fastest growing countries in the world. According to the World Banks overview of Pakistan, Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The country is located at the village of South Asia, Central Asia, China and the Middle East and is thus at the fulcrum of a regional market with a vast population, large and various(a) resources, and untapped potential for trade. The increasing proportion of Pakistans working-age population provides the country with a potential demographic dividend but also with the critical altercate to provide adequate services and increase employment (para. 1).If steps are taken the population of Pakistan can be beneficial to the development, growth, and economic state of the country. The government must promote and fund education awareness to the citizens of Pakistan. IRIN intelligence information reports in 2011, According to official f igures, the projected population for 2015 is 191 million, up from the current figure of 170 million, making it the sixth most populous community on earth. By 2050 it is expected to climb into fourth place (para 2).The dower of Pakistani are of Islam faith and the religious beliefs are a constituent in the growth rate. Unfortunately, the Muslims in Pakistan are light-emitting diode to believe that birth agree is a heinous sin. Its mean(prenominal) for men in the country to desire to father many children and to essay medical treatment if they cannot achieve this goal. In China, those couples who have more(prenominal) than one child lose their jobs and have to migrate to the rural areas to work in the fields. In Pakistan, modern education should be taught to the people that birth control is not forbidden by Islam. Until that happens, Pakistans population will go on increasing exponentially.There is an new(prenominal) factor to consider when overpopulation is existence analyzed within Pakistan. At independence in 1947, many refugees from India colonised in urban areas of Pakistan. Years preceding the partition, a significant cadence of the residents of Pakistan cities boarding India were immigrants. Some refugee colonies were eventually recognized as cities in their own right. People of India migrated from the Muslim minority provinces to Muslim majority provinces within Pakistan, seek refuge.The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reports, Pakistan hosts over 1.6 million registered Afghans, the largest and most prolonged refugee population in the world (para 1). The Pakistan government is trying to put processes in place to assist the refugees back to their original country of home. It is vital to the state of the country and all people living in Pakistan for the government and other assisting programs to continue to make progress concerning the population issue in Pakistan. act of terrorism is another threat to Pakistans progr ess as a country. act of terrorism crime is affecting the development of Pakistan and is a devastating issue to the people, safety, economy, and type of life within Pakistan. The war on terror has affected Pakistan more than any other nation in the world. The World Bank reports, Pakistan faces significant economic, governance and security challenges to achieve durable development outcomes. The persistence of interlocking in the border areas and security challenges throughout the country is a realness that affects all aspects of life in Pakistan and impedes development. A range of governance and business organization environment indicators suggest that deep improvements in governance are infallible to unleash Pakistans growth potential (para 2). The civilians involved are traumatized by the fighting, violence, and discrimination. Human rights are being denied due to the continuous attacks and violence the terrorist punish on the civilians within Pakistan.This country would gre atly benefit from a draw who can lead this country in its hour of crisis and make the population feel proud of their nationality. The major reason of increase in population and the terrorism in Pakistan is due to lack of education and government investment. political sympathies should invest more money to educate people.Pakistan government must persevere allies to those who will support the initiatives set in motion to render a positive future for the country of Pakistan. The Pakistan government must make those who commit terrorist acts accountable and stand up for the victims. The country must prove the infrastructure of its military and security groups. Government of Pakistan should focus on improving economic governance, human development, social protection, security, and reducing the risk of conflict. Through these objectives the countrys ability to become a stronger country will increase.ReferencesIRIN News. (2011, January 18). PAKISTAN Population growth rate adds to prob lems Retrieved from http//www.irinnews.org/Report/91656/PAKISTAN-Population-growth-rate-adds-to-problems Peter Blood, ed. Pakistan A Country Study. capital letter GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994. Retrieved from http//countrystudies.us/pakistan/29.htm The UN Refugee Agency. (2013). Pakistan. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http//www.unhcr.org/pages/49e487016.html The World Bank. (nd). Pakistan. Retrieved February 8, 2013, from http//www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan

In Mrs Tilschers Class Essay

In Mrs Tilschers yr The poem In Mrs Tilschers Class by carol Ann Duffy deals with childhood th crankyout. The theme of the poem is that childhood is a time of fun and learning but also change as we reach adolescence. The poem is about the poets memories of primary as she takes the reader on a journey through being in a schoolroom to eventually being ready tot go to high school. The readers instinct of childhood is deepened by the use of techniques such as the enounce choice, tomography and structure.At the end of the first stanza, Duffy demonstrates the fun and satisfaction of being a child. This is visualised in the lines A window devoteed with a long pole. The jape of a school bell swung by a running child. Duffy uses the say laugh to suggest a human action which is proficient of joy and shows the fun of being a child. The words running child shows the immunity of being a child and how it is a time of happiness as children have no worries. Duffy uses quite short senten ces to emphasis the happiness of a child.The readers understanding of the poem is deepened further as they realise that childhood is a time where you ar care free and have a sorcerous time having fun and learning at the same time. In the sec stanza, Duffy demonstrates the bearing of a child and how they are easy to excite and please. This is shown in the lines Mrs Tilscher loved you. Some mornings, You found shed left a luxurious star by your name. The word loved shows the childs attitude and how they enjoy the feeling of knowing that they are liked and loved by their teacher.When Duffy uses the words gold star it instantly draws the reader in circumferent as it is something they can relate to as it brings back memories of being a child and feeling proud whenever you got rewarded. The memories and feelings off primary school are emphasised to show how good it felt as a child. The trinity stanza starts to show the changes as you get older, as you start to realise that things arent as simple as they used to be. The lines that show this are A rough boy told you how you were born. You kicked him, but stared at your parents, appalled, when you got back home. Duffy uses A rough boy to show how she thinks boys are disgusting and isnt interested in them yet. The last sentence shows that now that she knows this, she has lost all her innocence. The reader becomes alive(predicate) of the changes we go through from being a innocent child and idea that everything is sugar N spice and everything nice, to learning things about ourselves and the world that seems so wrong and out of place from what we are used to. The final stanza shows the changes in ourselves as we reach adolescence and how we cant wait to grow up.This is depicted in the lines You ran through the gates, impatient To be grown, as the sky split open into A thunderstorm. Duffy illustrates the impatience and desire to grow up into a teenager. The word thunderstorm is used as a metaphor to show adolesc ence as it wont be a smooth ride, it will be full of bumps along the way. The readers understanding of growing up is deepened in this final stanza as it shows how we all want to grow up and how it is an amazing time for us. Megan Mackie

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Essay

On April 20, 2010 a catastrophic explosion on the Deepwater Horizon off down boring platform caused the largest single release to the purlieu due to anoint drilling. This explosion killed 11 practiceers and injured 17. This inunct spill is very polemical because it can be questioned if this spill could restrain a bun in the oven been interrupted and what exactly went wrong. There is frequently debate on who is to blame, what could have been done to prevent it and who is going to settle for all the damage. Many argon not happy with the settlement BP is subscribe that willing keep them from further criminal prosecution if they agree to hand the settlement amount. Paying retribution is fine, but what slightly the future disconfirming effects that we have no way of even knowing about now. Who will take care of that? These are some of the basic questions the gigantic unwashed are asking about this case and my responses.What can this accident indoctrinate us?This accident should teach us all that there is a great responsibility taken on when you go into the earth and test to harvest chemical products that have potential for negative effects on human welfare and health. The government lacks to be in tuition of regulating these activities to preserve the future of our environment.Had you been in charge of granting permit for this, what measures would you have prescribed to prevent or mitigate the impacts of such an accident?Policies need to be in place that ensures that properly trained personnel are on site at all times to ensure the preventive of the drilling process. Only fuck offd personnel could properly react to an apprehension and by chance be able to mitigate further damage. Knowledge and experience are required to recognize potential hazards in time and prevent even bigger negative effects. BP engineers were supposedly aware of variations in the compact prior to the explosion. These engineers probably did not have the authority to req uest work be stopped so further inspections could be make. Politics gnarly with the money at stake sometimes lead to dangerous decisions. If mortal with the knowledge and authority to make an executive decision was there, this tragedy could possibly have been avoided.If you were in a policy making forum, what national or international policy measures would you recommend for reducing long term happen from off-shore drilling.I think the policies on long term risk from off-shore drilling accidents could be addressed by building some kind of bounds wall to contain the drill site, even if there was not a spill. Just the act of drilling is releasing some form of defilement and if that contamination could be contained before it gets incorporated into the entire different urban center/ countrys water supply it would be a great benefit to prevent long term effects of oil contamination. world-wide policies need to be in effect that maintain the same standards crosswise the board. If one country has low standards and takes in the contaminated water they will then be releasing it into the environment and the contamination will quench affect neighboring countries/cities that may have unrelentinger standards.If I was involved in any type of policymaking forum, I would try to get policy passed that had strict policies regarding quality control practices regarding the technology being used to drill for the oil and the equipment maintenance.Increased testing of drilling equipment during and between drilling process, not exactly at the start stage. Sometimes equipment fails during use and quality measures need to be in place to make frequent inspections.What changes would you require in foothold of ethical conduct by regulators?Regulators need to not be financially involved with projects the are legislating. This is a huge ethical problem because kickbacks and donations a good deal lead to favorable legislations in favor of the party standing to make headway and not for the best interest of the public.To what degree may politics have clouded judgment and influenced decisions that where made?Relaxed government regulation was probably made because the government in efforts to promote business, made acquisitions that were dangerous and costly to the environment in the long run.

Plannng an expedition to an extreme environment

The gear up that our expedition is going to take is in the region of Norway called Svalbard. To gravel in that respect we bind to take a boat from Norway port and bring our equipments take a shit for the chilliness environment. The average temperature is around 5C and -12C in winter.Equipments I need to bring on the expedition beA parka is essential in frigidity weather. It insulates the ro apply regular(a) at a -47 degree Celsius. It is weewee certainty so the melted black eye couldnt fix in to your bole.Insulator tro physical exercisers ar utilize to incur about our legs warm. It is water proof with abstract lining to keep the heat in be receive the temperature is really offset thither.Fleece jumper is essential in this harsh weather condition. It keeps our body temperature in which is great.A woolly jumper is excessively unspoiled to keep heat in. I use this jumper as a s give the sackty in case the fleece gets dirty.A long sleeve tog is to be worn in adv ance the jumper to keep me extra warm.Tracksuit bottoms with fleece lining ar ideal to put on first send on the thermal trousers. It al base keep me extra warm.These are essential accessories for ply of our body want hands, neck and head.This faux fur hat keeps well-nigh of my body temperature in because the heat is loss through our head.Earmuffs are genuine to keep my ears warm scarf is great to retard coldness to premise my body. wetproof gloves are used to keep my hands warm and obstruct melted fruitcake to get through the checkmaterial.Thermal socks are there to keep my feet warm and these water proof boots are effective to bye through snow and uneven disembark. They commence thick rubber soles to prevent slipping and provide full friction.Map and compasses are the must have. They pull up stakes help me to induce my way back if I get lost.Water is good because it knap me from being dehydrated.Dry food is ideal in this weather as it is easy to cook and quic k.Swiss knives are useful because you never know when you need it. I will need it to control protrude a burn or defend myself when I get attacked by a confine.Task 2 Glacier retreat projectA aline maps and photographs of Glaciers on Spitsbergen1 Label the features you jakes see2 How did glacier air and move?1. Snow is collected everyplace millions of divisions. The snow flake matt and fused together, squeezing air and wetures out to create one hard glass block. With the pressure of to a greater extent(prenominal) snow the firn will eventually oer familys rick glacier icing the puck.2. Glacier is kindred a mighty river of ice. It is capable of doing what a river can do such as flow and change in flow rate. In ice, the flow rate is immobileer in the summation than at the edges and quicker on the surface than at the bottom because the solemnity pulls the weigh there great. That is why or so glacier surge forwards than the former(a).3. When ice moves it fragment izes up rocks on the way therefore the rock dumb implant good cutting tools such as erosion. Erosion by plucking and abrasion irritate the hollow deeper and bigger.* Plucking is when rocks and rock candys froze to the bottom of the glacier and being plucked up by the movements of the glacier.* detrition happens when the materials rubbed against the bedrock at the bottom and sides of the glacier. They were being pulled subject by gravity. This likewise causes wearing to the lendscape. Fine g precipitateed junk polishes the bedrock called glacial polish.4. Some of this debris is deposited at the edge of the corrie, as a moraine, building up the lip. This combine process creates a rounded hurl, with a steep back wall, and an armchair shape characteristic of a corrie.5. When the ice melts, a lake is left in the corrie. This is called a tarn.3 Why do you think that some people might find them both arouse and be intimateable to look at?I think people find it interesting to lo ok at the glacier because they can find answers to their wonders of how landscape form. It is amazing to see the nature is so strong which can move and change the land. They can also do some sporting activities such as camping and sledge riding. Furtherto a greater extent they can compare the difference between places which are affected by glacier move back and see how much ice have melted. They might find it interesting because they can see how the mood is changing and some responsibilities are down to man.B Look at the map on page 11 and other try that shows how glaciers have retreated on Spitsbergen1 utilize the picture above, the time scale that retreating of glacier has been measurable is 103 years. Since 1900 and up until 2003, the resources tell me that the glacier has move 3 miles from 1983 to 2003. I measure the scale and worked out that 3mile is equivalent to 1 cm. thitherfore I can say that from 1900 to 2003, the glacier has moved 16 miles and in the present time, there is a great possibility of it moving gain than 16 miles.2 The ice moves at the rate of 241 metres every year from 1983 to 2003. The map shows the glacier melted the most in 1983 to 2003, the gap between 1900 to 1916 is small therefore I can say that less ice receded then. The total of precipitation on this island is very little cause ice on Svalbard accumulates snow very slowly. This affects the way the ice movements.3 The establish of glacier retreating appears to ascertain with the theory of spheric warm up because the ice is melting very prompt as the year goes on. It is because the Earth is affecting by the green family unit effect. This means that heat and CO2 gas are being con all right in the atmosphere or else of leaving the Earth. They insulate the heat which ca using ice to melt. The pollution is increasing which makes the ice melt faster as well. The albedo effect has an distinguished role in humour change. It is used to describe what material can smoo th temperateness. The higher the albedo the greater it can reflects the sunlight. The higher the Earths albedo, the much solar radiation will reflect and the Earth will heat up less. White is a good annotate which doesnt absorb the heat. If the ice melts, there will be to a greater extent heat being trapped and will lead to more(prenominal) globular warming because dark colour material tends to absorb heat than the hoy colour.4 What the credibly effects on melting glaciers in the ocean around Svalbard Islands? Think about salinity, exposure to erosion and changes in the land/ ocean level.Salinity get along of salt dissolved in water. break up glaciers in the sea around Svalbard Islands effects on a locoweed of things such as the Thermohaline, living things like wintry bear and climate not entirely on the island just now also UK and other countries. naval water never rest which means it moves constantly. The complicated convenings are bring by wind, the waters salinit y and heat content, bottom of the oceans structure and the Earths rotation. One of the biggest oceans legitimate is the disconnect pelt. It transports 150 millions cubic metres per second of warm water from the Gulf of North Mexico across the Atlantic to Svalbard. On the way it mixes with water from other current, exchanging qualities of salinity, temperature, plants and animal. When warm Gulf Stream collides with the cold Atlantic current, it causes the seawater to become extremely dense. It is because warm water has higher mass receivable to the heat and salty water is heavier than fresh water.The warm water sinks and exporting towards southeasterly but some will continue towards Svalbard. When it reaches South Atlantic, it moves east to relate the current flows to Indian Ocean and the rest move to Pacific Ocean. There it will heat up and repeat the alike(p) cycle.If the ice in Svalbard melts even more, there will be an increase in sea level as well as more fresh water will be added in to the ocean. This fresh water will move down south and affect the Gulf Stream because it will get colder and less salty this also upset the process of Thermohaline. If the Gulf Stream slow down or shut down completely the climate in Britain would be colder. It would be like Moscow which is on the same latitude. This is called Rapid Climate Change. Britain is warmer than Moscow overdue to the warm current.If the ice in Svalbard melts even more polar bear will have no where to live and re introduce because these bears blaspheme on ice. They can not swim well equal to catch seals or fish. It will results in shortage of food and could lead to distinction.If the ice in Svalbard melts even more the land will expose more because the glacier would disappear. This will have an daze on people and tourism on this island. The unique site and land on this island will change dramatically.C. Read the Glacial meltdown data sheet.1 The problem in suggest the reason why the glacier melts because of worldwide warming is that it is not the only reason why. They blame it on human because we consume a lot of fossil fuel can produce toxic gas that harms the environment. Yes they are right lineamently, but even before we begin to us fossil foil, glacier already started to retreat. This is normal for them. They have assorted opinions and views but they need to know both side of the secernate. Furthermore, global warming doesnt occur in a short amount of time. It is measured over a long period and find out the changes in pattern of the temperature, ocean life, etc2 It is important to know who produce and interpret the evidence of global warming because they could be bias and have different views of the global warming. Some time they can exaggerate. It is good to know all the evidence that global warming caused by human and nature.This statement from Greenpeace is saying that the cause of global warming that makes ice melt is due to human exercise such as burning fossil fuels in cars, aeroplane, bus, etcThey exaggerated it even though dowerys of it is down to human activity. The climate change is measured over many years, decades even centuries. Climate change doesnt happen that quickly.This evidence suggests that one of the reasons why glacier retreated faster is because some ice surges forward than the other. This is normal and is due to nature and not human activities.Task 3 Climate change and effects on the food chainA Find out about phytoplankton that grows in galosh waters.Phytoplankton Microscopic plants and plant-like organisms implant in massive quantities in the sea. They are known as the oceans grass. algae bloom A plankton bloom also known as algal bloom, is simply an area where phytoplankton (algae) reproduce very fast that you may find many thousand plant cells per litre of water. The chlorophyll in these plants colour the water green.Zooplankton Microscopic animals and animal-like organisms found in the sea.1 Just like any normal plant, phytoplankton needs light, warmth, nutrients, carbon dioxide and water in couch to grow and reproduce. The condition and environment around it has to achieve some of the requirements for algae to grow.2 The Oceans bottom contains decaying plants and animals which carry nutrients they are being brought to the surface by currents. Algae bloom occurs when the Sun comes out like in rebound because plants need sunlight to develop healthily and gives it the colour green. The phytoplanktons also use the nutrients to produce this leads to algae bloom as well as the bloom of zooplankton because they have more food to eat. The light and warmth control the multiplication of algae. In winter it is harder for this specie to grow.3 The growth of phytoplankton is very important to the rubber eraser food chain because they are the producer. They are food to zooplanktons which they are eaten by fish. Small fishes like Arctic cod are eaten by other predators such as polar bear s, whales, seabirds and other fish. If there are less of them then the population of other consumers and predator can decreased.B Look at page 12 in the gamey Arctic book. Look at the maps and other information about the maturation conditions for plants on land in the Svalbard Islands and the Arctic in general.CAFF stands for The Conservation of Arctic flora and Fauna.1Land surface the Arctic tundra do of flat and low land surface. The further north you go the higher the land due to some lots. The further up north, the land is usually covers in snow and only a a couple of(prenominal) plants can survive, like in Spitsbergen. Plants on land only cover just over 5% of the surface and home to 165 species of plants on Svalbard.Low land and potentiometer tundras vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens. Scattered guides grow in some tundra. The ecological boundary region between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line. There are likely no trees and no bushes.Taiga is described to be home to many living organism. Boreal forest refers to the southern initiate of this biomass. Northern taiga has small- take into accounts trees like birch, alder, willow and aspen. Nearly all the trees in this resistant of forest are fir trees. They grow for just a few weeks and have tough leaves to survive frost, wind and snow. Whereas in southern also known as centre boreal. Trees grow bigger and home to many animals like red squirrel. The further south you go the more trees will grow and more living things are able to survive.Soil mountain tundra has permanent frozen daub. But judging in the pictures the soil is sooner fertile as there are living things growing on it. Snow butter transfuses, lichens etc are able to grow and reproduce on this soil. It is moist from the melted snow. Plants can not grow on the glacier because it is too cold to it to survive.Temperature plants on Spitsbergen can grow at temperature as low a s -5C. Plants like dwarf shrubs, sledges and grasses, mosses and lichens can survive at this temperature. The temperature increases as you go further south because it is nearer to the sun. the temperature raises after the snow melts so the plants can start growing.Precipitation the mountain tundra gets less rain than the other part of this Arctic because it is colder and dryer. Places like the taiga have more precipitation because the trees need rain in order to grow big. There are more wet in the air there than the area around glacier.Growing assuageThe map shows the length of time that plants need to grow. So in spring, the mountain tundra will have 80 days to grow. These plants are short whereas the middle boreal will have 160 days of growing appease because the plants are tall and have loads of leaves. The further south you go the longer the growing season. Colourful wildflowers bloom from the end of June to the end of July. They have to adapt to this every short season.2. Des cribe the main characteristics of plants that are found on the land.It is hard for plants to grow in the Arctic. Once the snow melts, the growing season is going to be short. Despite getting the most cheerfulness in summer, but the harsh weather condition have made the plants adapted to their environment such as Arctic tundra. They have distinctive characteristics such as being small, grow bordering together and close to the ground. This protects them from the cold temperatures and the strong winds. Some flowering plants covered in fine hair like the Arctic crocus to provide protection from the wind.Flowering plants use all the sunlight they can to produce flowers at very fast speed because they knew growing season is very short. Some plants have cup shaped flowers that face up to the sun, so they can get the sunlight shines directly at the centre of the flower thats why they are so bright. However, other plants have dark colour because they can absorb more heat. Some plants have small roots because only the top stratum of the soil thaw and they have small leaves to retain moisture. Because of the short growing season, most tundra plants are perennials and they do not die in the winter. another(prenominal) living organisms like lichens and mosses can survive on bare rock. They are very short.3 Plants can be said to be part of a fragile environment is because they can be easily damaged. For example, tracks from a passing vehicle will tear up the fragile insulating tundra, allowing the soil to thaw into scars that may remain for hundreds of years therefore the surface level is vulnerable to environmental damage. There are also other factors that could stop plants from growing such as colder temperature and shorter growing season. Plants there have already adapted to that low temperature, if it gets any lower there is a likely take on they will not survive. Furthermore, if the sun is not giving them enough sunlight, they wouldnt be able to grow healthily.C Look at the Arctic food chain on page 13 in the High Arctic book.1 The Arctic food chain consists of many animals, sea animals, land and sky. The most important producers start in the sea like the phytoplankton. They are food to the zooplankton and from that fishes consume them. Fishes are important because many animals rely and live on them such as seals, killer whales, birds, polar bear etc Birds like the kittiwake fed on fishes and they are food to Arctic foxes. If it wasnt for the sea animals, the land animals wouldnt be able to survive because they have nothing to eat.The sea environment keeps the food chain balance by providing the right amount food at the right time. Like when a female polar bear gave birth to her cub in December, the algae would bloom after December and make food for the polar bear. Numbers of birds are more than itemize of fishes. If the fishes do not multiply then it could cause a fall in number of animals. Numbers of whales are shortening due to whale h unting by human and animals. The food chain has link which means a specie consumes more than one type of food. This increases the chance of getting something to eat than some other living organisms.2 If the ice melts, the number of seals will decrease because they will have no where to mate and rest which will lead to the falling in polar bears population. However, the number of fishes will increase and population of birds and foxes. It is because they will have fewer predators and more food to eat. Killer whales will be relying on squids and other fishes instead having them as well as seals. Their population will decrease but not greatly. In the future, seals might be hunted for their skin or their fat or it could be the melting of ice which will leave them homeless.4 After the coal mining industry closed in the 1980s the future of Longyearbyen, a city in Svalbard seems to have no hope. The economy went down hill because there was not enough income and the population was decreasin g. The Norwegian organisation decided that it would create new business opportunities on Svalbard. One of the main activities to be developed was tourism.Svalbard is a very pretty-pretty wilderness, with many rare living organisms, and its also a part of the Arctic that is easily accessible by plane. Because of the Gulf Stream, the temperature is not as cold compared to other places on the same Northern latitude.Longyearbyen received 25,000 tourists every year and they arrive by plane and another 25,000 visit on a cruise ship. They bring a lot of income to the town by using the facilities such as hotels, going on excursions, buying souvenirs, etc. Its important that the government carefully manage the wilderness so that tourists can still enjoy coming here in the future because the view and places here are exclusive to Svalbard.It is advised not to use modern transport to go around on this island. Tourists can take the aeroplane or cruise ships but if they want to explore this la nd more it is best to only go with dogs, or on foot, or by skiing. One of the reasons they cogitate using those environmental friendly transport is because tourist come here from big city to find peace and quite. Silence is a invaluable commodity today. If they raced around on snowmobiles, then people wouldnt want to come as much. In addition, motorised vehicles cause damage to the environment.They produce more C02 and destroy landscape. The Government of Norway has set a goal of trying to make Svalbard one of the best managed wildernesses in the world. To achieve this they have put a lot of regulations into force, including the Svalbard Environmental Protection Act. The purpose of this Act is to preserve a virtually untouched environment in Svalbard. Littering is forbidden, you can not pick a flower or even move a stone on the beach.