Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Research Paper

Leiningers Cultural C atomic number 18 novelty and Universality - seek Paper ExampleThe paper also describes how research, empirical testing and knowledge development enables the modern and future tense breast feeding do to be ethnically congruent and thus effective. a). Concepts And Subconcepts of The Theory Leiningers speculation focuses in explaining, describing and thus predicting the similarities and differences of treat rehearse in coitus to the conceptualization of the perseverings culture. and so it posterior be said that the main focus of the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality is the care of patients and culture (McFarland and Eipperle, 2008, p. 48). Moreover, the theory demonstrates the methods of nursing move up which aims at taking care of patients with an understanding of their culture. The application of this theory in nursing is through the Trans-cultural Nursing Model where patient care by nurses is designed in a way that it is congruent to the beliefs, practices and values of the patients (Leininger and McFarland, 2006, p. 57). Leiningers theory illustrates that since culture shapes every individual, it becomes very primal for a nurse especially during medical care. The Trans-cultural Nursing Model therefore enables nurses to view their patients in cost of their beliefs and practices so that they would understand them sufficiently and hence facilitate care (Vandenberg, 2010, p. 238). The nursing care outcome in a trans-cultural patient care is a high level of patient well being (Ekman and Emami, 2007, p. 417). Nurses are mandated to be aware that patients are different because of the unique cultures. The contemporary society which is characterized by globalization and intensify communication technology has enhanced migration and as a result, societies are more diverse with people from non-homogeneous cultural backgrounds. This reveals that The Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality is very relevant in n ursing practice throughout the world. Because patients and their families expect their beliefs and values to be respected it becomes compelling for nurses to apply a trans-cultural approach in nursing practice so that patients are cared for in the most appropriate way (Leininger and McFarland, 2006, p. 59). Therefore cultural competence among nurses is regarded as a very valuable skill which differentiates one form of nursing from another. Planning nursing care requires the understanding of the patients values and beliefs so that various cultural phenomena are taken into consideration. The cultural aspects which are described within the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality include family, social groups, space, communication, genetic variations, spirituality, time orientation and health traditions. All these aspects must be understood by the nurse in order to provide relevant, appropriate and desirable care to the patient and as a result avoid misunderstanding, conflicts or law suits that would result from the dissatisfaction of the health consumers, families or friends. In trans-cultural nursing research, empirical testing and knowledge development is enabled by understanding individual cultures in relation to the social categories (Ekman and Emami, 2007, p. 418). Such research promotes the knowledge of nurses on cultures and thus enhanced current nursing practice and the future generation patient care. Additionally, knowledge develop

The current economic situation will force every one to consider Essay

The current sparing situation will force every one to consider carefully how money is spent - move ExampleAmericans, when they are in need of money for making a ho use up or for acquire a car, will usually approach the banks other pecuniary institutions for loans. The banks present a habit of sanctionative loans without proper enquiries about the financial assets of the person who approached them. Thus the American public got money from financial sources without whatsoever barrier whenever they are in need and that resulted in too much pass bying compared to saving. The current economic situation will force everyone to consider carefully how money is spent. This paper briefly explains the changes in money spending habits caused by the current financial crisis or economic recession.A staggering 87% of American families have rethought their eating habits and the food they buy in order to reduce costs. 40% of Americans report they have had to cut back on the amount of food or groceries they purchase in the wake of at presents economic crisis. Family income is a big factor. Nearly half 49% of those whose annual household income is less(prenominal) than $50,000 say theyve slashed spending on food in order to make ends meet compared with 28% who earn more1. The above statistics clearly show how severe the current economic problem is. Americans, who spend lavishly for food items and their eating, forced to cut d admit their spending on these commodities because of the current crisis. Many stack has lost their jobs and many others under the threat of losing their employment which forced them to reduce their family spending on eating items.Earlier line buses were simply a fashion for the American people. Most of the people used their own vehicles for their traveling needs. But at present the line buses are running full and people started to use the line buses more frequently to cut down their expenses in order to escape from the current financial crisis. T he Impact of the Financial Crisis in Public Transportation is so severe that the nationwide

Should France ban the veil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should France ban the befog - Essay ExampleThe hazard of covering the face by all Muslim women was banned by the cut Senate and the National meeting place during the same year. People within France and all over the world have started protesting against this act of the French judicature. In the region of France a total of 82% of the population is supporting the ban, while a 17% and those who ar in favor of such(prenominal) a ban form a majority throughout the European Nations (Pew Research Center 1). A heavy debate between the supporters and opposition of banning of veil in France has started taking place. Those who ar in favor of such a ban state that French government is disrespecting the freedom of individuals in regards of deciding what they should wear and what they should not. However, ban on the full-faced veil should be removed because such an action disregards an individuals freedom.The French government took the measure of banning niqab because they believed that niqab was a distinction of subjugation which is against the norms of the French society. French levied a ban on the veil is because the veil is believed to be a sign of break downion that is being carried out by the male society to over the females of the Muslim society. Sciolino states that the French are connecting the veil to the burqa that has been used in Afghanistan by Taliban to oppress the women in their own society (Sciolino 140). This government agency that the French government believes that the Muslim women are forced to wear the veil by their male relatives to oppress their right of deciding their own clothes. This even means that the French believe that by banning the veil they are giving the female Muslims the right to decide what they want to wear. Another reason due to which the French have banned the veil within their nation is that they believe that veil is against their cultural norms. Sciolino states that French socialisation promotes the meeting of eyes between two individuals in order to start a conversation (Sciolino

Do we have a fair taxation system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Do we have a bazar taxation governance - Essay ExampleNevertheless, the main system used in most nations is the liberal tax which emphasizes on paying as one earns (Christia, 2006). Each system of taxation is fair and foul in its own way. Progressive, regressive, and lump-sum taxation systems are unfair while proportional taxation system is real fair when applied in obtaining revenue.Progressive tax system is where the effective tax rate increases as the amount affected by the rate increases. In most cases progressive tax system is cognize as the PAYE (Pay as you earn). This means that the more a person earns the more tax he or she pays (Hatzipanayotou, 2004). With progressive tax system those who work hard to earn more are presumable to be charged more in terms of tax and this is unfair. Progressive tax rate encourages tree sloth and discourages hard work. On a different perspective regressive tax system is the opposite of progressive. In this regards with decreases effectiv e rate the amount affected increases on the other hand (Christia, 2006). This is also an unfair system of taxation as those who have will pay less as compared to the poor. In addition, this means that the more a person earns the less he or she pays in form of tax and the less a person earns the more he or she pays in form of tax (Freedman & Chamberlain, 2007). Lump-sum tax system on the other hand does not give priority on the efforts placed by individuals in development their nations. Therefore, these three systems of taxation are unfair.Proportional taxation system emphasizes on the effort placed by individual citizens in trying to build their countries. In this taxation system, the effective tax rate is stubborn irrespective of the amount being taxed (Slemrod, 2000). Therefore, the more a person earns the more he or she takes legal residence with the tax rate being the same. Schmidt (2000) points out that when one is lazy hence

Journal Article - Education - Improving Standards - Excellence in

Journal - Education - Improving Standards - Excellence in Education - expression ExampleThe concept of raising the faithfulness of educational system is dependent upon certain factors. Among diametric factors with a higher impact on the excellence of education system, presence of quality teachers in the schools is regarded very imperative. unalike states have designed models to find the quality teachers for their schools in order to make sure that the students are organism imparted knowledge with the occasion of effective instruction techniques. This motif presents a broader review of the literature that had been written so far in understanding the impact of quality teachers on the higher excellence of educational system. Moreover, the paper discusses professional teaching and some of the traits such as leadership and abilities of teachers to work through pressurized processes. The paper excessively develops ways to make the professional significance of teaching as a productiv e profession.Among various government agency of upgrading the means of imparting better knowledge, the most commonly used way out as researched by many educationist was the use of rating plans. Many programs have been introduced in which different schools have been rated for the finding of literacy survey. Such rating plans were greatly used as the source of putting schools in different orders of literacy. Upon the use of such programs to rate different schools, the role of teachers was observed to be very important in enhancing the excellence of the education standard (Hyson, Tomlinson, & Morris, 2009). Many investigations have been conducted on how the quality of teachers can raise the quality of educational standard.Researchers have conducted researches on evaluating the traits of quality teachers and how such traits can impact excellence of school. On researchers, it was observed that different traits could have made it possible for teachers to uphold the excellence of educati onal system. Some of the notable traits which were

Financial Analysis for Managers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Case Study ExampleWal-Mart registers intimately $20,000 profit every bite of every day. Last fiscal year, Wal-Mart recorded profits of $10.3 billion. For comparison, Targets profit per minute is $6,084. To say Wal-Mart is a money-making machine would be an understatement.The calculations given as Appendices A, B and C are establish on Wal-Mart and Targets past four days annual data from the 10K and Ho overs. Some are calculated by author as well. (Dollars are listed in thousands).Net Profit moulding is an indication of how effective a confederacy is at cost control. The higher the net profit, the more effective the company is at converting revenue enhancement into actual profit. Target has greatly improved on this number over the last few years and reached the high number of 3.8 in 2002 from its low of 3.4 in 1999. In comparison to Wal-Mart, it has outperformed it during this extremity.Operating Profit Margin shows how effective a company cont rols its cost and expenses associated with the normal business operations. Targets OPM remained consistent from 1999 to 2001 and improved from 2001 to 2002 due to the stronger provider relationships, restructuring of stores and more effective inventory management. Wal-Mart remained below during the entire period. It has large overhead costs to maintain its more stores.Return on Assets determi... (c). Return on AssetsNet Income + InterestReturn on Assets =Average count AssetsReturn on Assets determines how many dollars of profits bear be achieved for each dollar of assets under control. Targets recollect on assets ranges between $8 to $9 which is compareable to Wal-Marts ranges.(d). Return on Equity Net Income Return on Equity =Average EquityReturn on Equity is one of the most important positiveness measures. ROE reveals how much a company earned in comparison to the total amount of the shareowner equity found on the balance sheet. ROE encompasses the three main levers by whic h the management can better the corporation. These levers are profitability. Asset management and financial leverage. Again although Wal-Mart is ahead of Target during the whole period but the figures are even compareable as walmart ranges from $20 to $23 while Target figures ranges between $19 to $21.2. aptitude ratios of Wal-Mart & TargetEfficiency ratios of Wal-Mart & Target are calculated by applying the following formulae.(a). Asset derangement symmetry SalesAsset Turnover Ratio =Average Total AssetsAsset Turnover Ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its average total assets to generate sales. The figures show that Target has gone down in this number over the past four years from a high of 2.054 to 1.665. Sales for Target are not change magnitude as fast as the number of assets within the corporation. Wal-Mart has outperformed Target in this field as its minimal value was 2.601 in 2000 which is higher than the Targets highest value.(b). Inventory Turnover RatioCoas t of Goods Sold Inventory Turnover Ratio = Average InventoryInventory Turnover Ratio measures the number of times that

This Is England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

This Is England - Essay ExampleThe piece of the icon was between 13110 and 13409 in the rent This is England. We chose to analyze the member because it builds a good platform for the art. The particle also gives the spectator of what happened in England in 1980s, as the segment shows images of various iconic signs like the rubies cube, the segment also shows the gritty elements of war people faced in Falklands and England. The violence images and anarchy combined with the archive footage of the harmless periods of the 1980s. This creates a concrete contrast and creates the feeling of viewing audience to continue watching to find out what happened. The segment shows images of people and event that have effects on the actors, which are revealed in the segment, and the footage reminds us the aspects give viewing audience knowledge about the environment and wrap upers the anarchic background knowledge that is present throughout the film. The shots of the film prescript characte r pass away immediately after the titles. The connections show the kind between Shaun and rebellious archive footage previously in the film. The segment shows the soldiers picture by Shauns bed and this shows problem codes as the viewers need to know the connections. Margaret Thatcher voice is collard on the radio, which Shaun immediately turn it off it gives the viewers the knowledge of attitudes on the prime minister at that time. Camera work. The segment has various slipway of presenting This is England, similar to what has been apply in the entire film. The segment shows how the natural lighting is employed to show the realness effect. That is the way the producers used to produce This is England. The segment is portrayed as a documentary, and the style presents things as they occur daily. Such realities are crowds, classes, and marriage. The segment does no different as documentary in concentrating on the principle character. The segment shows natural lighting consisting of light and dark. The segment shows the film at day and during the night, which makes it easy to film because extra lighting is not required. The segment is presented in such a way that it shows the British at war and ways in which the society is united. The segment shows a hand held camera which confirms that this is a hearty realist art they are low budget arts, so everything uses fewer tools and materials. Handheld camera helps the spectator to get to an insight and it involve the spectator to watch the film. At this segment, there are a variety of shots used this makes the segment effective as the viewer is able to see all the various angles and ways of eyesight something. Sounds. The soundtrack used in this segment is a diegetic sound. This type of soundtrack shows that the art is real because the spectator is able to hear the natural sounds. The sound is also used in the entire film. The producer analyzed the sound because viewers do not normally notice these sounds every day. Diegetic sound tells the visual story. Diegetic sound is another performer to tell the story of the author. In This is England segment, the producer draws the viewer by shifting from the diegetic to non-diegetic. The segment changes the role of the practice of medicine in the piece, he engages the viewer in the action. Also, the segment pulls off the viewer from the scene to separate the spectators from the story. The segment also uses traditional effects of sound and Foley to leverage the sounds of diegetic. The segment uses digenetic to toy with the spectators mislead the viewers. The

Importance of following orders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of hounding orders - Essay ExampleA encounter becomes ineffective whenever a spend fails to bond the orders given to him/her. Whenever a single units soldier is not scrap effective, he will end up slowing down the combats winning formula by forcing the commanders to focus on a single soldier who is not pass anything to the workload that is facing the unit. By executing the orders in time and in the manner that is acceptable, single greatly helps in the unit even if he doesnt know the reason why as everyone is cardinal in making the mission at hand a success.Un-questionably following orders is how the military regard discipline. whizz is expected to know what they have to do at the same time follow commands and directions enthusiastically and promptly. For one to follow orders effectively, it is very important for one to be disciplined as you it enables you to react in a manner that is fast enough whenever your service is called upon. This will really help in raisi ng a soldiers awareness level as a soldier should be alert at all times. avocation orders enables an individual to becoming a good soldier. A good soldier is one who takes an order and carries it pop out the way it has been given no matter how bad or hard it is to follow that particular order. in that respect are many reasons as to why it is important to follow orders and all of them are important, but in this essay I have only looked at the main ones.Whenever a soldier does not follow the authoritative directions given by his senior, it does not hurt him/her alone as an individual, but the whole combat team and the missions goals. Whenever the objectives of a mission get hurt by failing to follow orders as expected, everything that is important in completing the mission becomes weak. This also affects the moral of the entire unit as the leadership will be at a constant worry about the loyalty of the conjoin who does not follow their orders. They are never relaxed as they wonder if he/she is going to do

Provide a comprehensive report that will describe the development of Essay

Provide a comprehensive overlay that will describe the development of creation from appraisal to completion and illustrate the prop - Essay exercising each of these line of works be encapsulated in the plan single-valued function. Different organizations describe these procedures with contrastive names. Irrespective of individual task names, the principal elements of the design procedure consists of four key elements (architype.net n.d.) political platformming, schematic design, design development, and construction documents. Figure 1 exhibits the above-mentioned concept. The diagram in figure 1 shows that design procedure does not present a sum of several activities Figure 1. Principal elements of design procedure (architype.net n.d.) that flow in one direction. The activities are iterative, which is one of the paramount concepts of an Architectural design procedure. Iterative flow provides the opportunity for design modification. In the design procedure, modification plays a pivotal role since the process is cognitive. That is why tasks or activities of design phases move butt and forth allowing develop more elaborate designs to control and modify the overall design. Each of the principal elements of the design procedures shown in figure 1 is divided into multiple tasks. M whatsoever recommendations are available about how to subdivide each principal process into multiple tasks. This report follows recommendations provided by the Royal Institute of British architecture (RIBA). RIBA (architecture.com n.d ) outlines work process to manage and design architectural projects Scope and limitation of this report The report is coordinate using words and visual forms of presentation. Scope of this report is to describe architectural design phases thru general topic without tying to any specific project. Phases that are described hereafter present design procedure of any kind of building construction from appraisal to completion. Sketches and illustrations are used from general constructions for visual representation of different phases. The step-by-step procedures described in words and sketches exhibit work from appraisal to completion of practical constructions. RIBA peak A and B Project Appraisal Phase The program of discovery begins with the appraisal phase. Design procedure starts with the determination of scope of work, and that is why this phase is similarly known as programming phase. This phase includes discussions, thoughts, and explorations. All participants must understand and agree on the program at the start. This phase establishes scope, objectives, limitations and criteria of the future project. For a residential housing project, the program would include information about types of amenities the client wants in the house, number of rooms, square footage requirement of rooms, and construction stages. For a bigger building project, such as a school, a program is complex and would include numbers of rooms, type and t heir functions, interior and exterior design, finishes, electrical, mechanical, and water supply system, playgrounds, different light laboratories, etc. For a highly complex task a program starts with the development of a verify program document, which is then split into smaller individual programs of different buildings. Project appraisal phase is also called as pre-design phase. RIBA characterizes it as briefing stage. To develop the

Stress Effects and Ways to Reduce Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

seek Effects and Ways to Reduce Stress - Essay ExampleHowever, there argon number of causes of stress. Like emotional stress, physical stress, environmental stresses, busy and health stress.Physical stress occurs due to over physical work/activity and it is very vulgar in adults. Most importantly, physical stress effects regularly on many body joints changes and will earn pain in your later life.Stress can affect you in the two shipway long terminal and short term. Long term stress is much worst than short term Moreover long term stress is more dangerous because it creates regular changes in your body in many ways. In general term, there are there broad sectors of stress effects.From the medical period of time of view, the physiologic stress if start in your brain, it will triggers the pituitary gland and sympathetic nervous agreement as a pull up stakes of its activation - it creates regular changes in your adrenal gland which raises your heart rates.Furthermore, tender li ver produces energy end-to-end the stress situation and in the process, the patient can suffer belly pain, constipation and so forth. The physiological stress raises your heart overcome up to 71 to 90 beats in a splendid to 200 per minute.Yes, Stress effects emotiona... In general term, there are there broad sectors of stress effects.1) Physiological Effects From the medical point of view, the physiological stress if activate in your brain, it will triggers the pituitary gland and sympathetic nervous system as a result of its activation - it creates regular changes in your adrenal gland which raises your heart rates. Furthermore, human liver produces energy throughout the stress situation and in the process, the patient can suffer stomach pain, constipation and so forth. The physiological stress raises your heart beats up to 71 to 90 beats in a minute to 200 per minute. Emotional Effects Yes, Stress effects emotionally as well and if it affects emotionally, it can create sound ch anges in your brain function. As a result of its activation, it adversely affects your mental capabilities, - your logical intellection becomes illogical, and you become anxious for no reason. However, it can be minor or major, major stress could soften you to a suicide. Besides this, it alters your behavioral patterns suddenly in these feelings you become very sensitive and can be very irritating. You could enter into an argument with others for no reason whatsoever, you can suddenly starting fighting with others at work. It may turn your mind on pessimistic thinking on all aspects, by and capacious behavioral changes adversely affect decision making powers either at work or at home concerns. Also, you could become gloomy and it makes you less tolerant. Physical EffectsPhysical effects includes frequent headaches, ski binding ache and other muscle pain, sleep difficulties and exhaustion, cramp in the neck and shoulders, appetite and weight changes, anxiety, feelings of beingne ss helpless and hopelessness, fatigue, memory and concentration problems however

Delegation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

relegating - Essay ExampleKnowledge and competence ar criteria that allow decisions to be made at the withdraw level. This means that all members of staff must accept responsibility for achieving high-quality management and not leave that responsibility to the senior management team or middle managers. Healthcare organizations start to apply this concept into reading seeing it as a high level of specialist practice and competitive advantage in healthcare services. Today, a special attention is given to proper function of medical staff and empowerment which helps to improve efficiency of medical practices and introduce scientific innovation more rapidly and effectively. deputation is maven of the most important management functions which help a person to handle a task everyplace to another person. At the beginning of the 21st century, healthcare needs nurses able to cope with changing environment, technological challenges and culturally diverse clients. If nurses are able to exhibit strategic leadership that achieves a long-term focus, promotes victimization and application of core competences, emphasizes the development of human capital, develops an effective culture, and achieves strategic control simultaneously with the allowance of autonomy, restructuring efforts are more like to be successful. Delegation of responsibilities allows nurses to improve their performance and effectively manage daily tasks.Delegation is a skill o... It cornerstone be used either as an excuse for dumping loser onto the shoulders of subordinates, or as a dynamic tool for motivating and training your team to realize their all-inclusive potential. A nursing position and role in healthcare has defined responsibilities or functions, together with the authority to carry them out. Nurses tend to have responsibilities for more work than they can possibly execute themselves. some other definition of delegacy can be successfully applied to nursing profession delegation is the universally required ability to maintain responsibility yet relinquish authority (The New Oxford American vocabulary 2001, p. 38). Most managers agree that decisions ought to be delegated to the lowest possible level where they can be made intelligently and where the relevant facts and required judgment are available. Often, in practice, they violate this rule by micromanaging or rightful(prenominal) telling their subordinates what to do. Or they make the mistake of dumping the decision without enough guidance or fetching it back and doing it themselves. All of these mistakes have negative consequences (Blair, n.d.). The personality type of both the boss and the subordinate can have a profound effect on whether effective delegation takes place. Intuitive types may not explain all the details or responsibilities to the subordinate because they believe they have given a bulky enough picture. Introverts may not fully communicate all the necessary information they have their delega tion will be patchy and inconsistent. Extroverts may wander with their thoughts and not be concise in their communication theory (Gulanick and Myers, 2006). Using these definitions, it is evident that delegation in nursing can be defined as the wait on when nurses give subordinates (usually

The closing reading of Diving into Wreck Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The closing reading of Diving into Wreck - Essay ExampleDuring this time, the womens movement was increase in momentum, as it influences Ameri merchant ship literature and other fields, as well as society in general (Milne 1). risque showed interest in feminism in the 1970s, and saw it as a courageous quest, similar to plunging into the wreck of an old sunken ship (Milne 1). She wanted to oppose and question traditional beliefs and value about gender and sexuality through an knowledgeable exploration (Milne 1). Since the publication Diving into the Wreck, Rich showed her bet for the truth about gender and the widespread activities of second-wave feminism (Milne 1). The poesy is an example of free verse typography that has no evident rhymes, which is significant in narrating the journey through a firsthand account and fate readers focus more on the knowing structure of the poem and its meaning. The poem follows a conversation style. Rich does want to alienate anyone, so she t alks as if she would in real life I launch on/ the body-armor of black rubber/ the absurd flippers (4-6). Her words portray the process of what is happening, so that readers will get like the poem is an ordinary conversation. In addition, the poems free verse enables readers to emphasize the subtle structure of the poem. ... Stanzas are also broken to indicate changes in the perspective of the talker. An example is the shift of perspective from stanza 7 to stanza 8. The speaker ends stanza 7 with among the tentative haunters (70). She is only one of the many who dive into the wreck. Stanza 8, however, merges the speaker and the mermaid We electrical circuit silently/ about the wreck/ we dive into the hold (74-76). The merging of two identities signifies the unity of the writer with her inner self. Furthermore, the free verse writing helps stress enjambement in the poem. The pauses in these lines say something about the actions of the speaker Rung after rung and still / the oxyge n immerses me (23-24). The speaker seems to be nervous as she behind goes down the boat, where the enjambment creates a sense of both preparation for the next stage of exploration and the consider to reflect on every stage. Thus, the free verse has significance to emphasizing the meaning of the structure of the poem and its narrative style. The poem has numerous enjambments that aim for structural purposes of helping readers visualize the poem. The speaker says I regorge on/ the body-armor of black rubber/ the absurd flippers (4-6). The speaker uses enjambment to put emphasis on her actions. The readers can better understand what is happening if the sentence is broken down to images and action words. In addition, the speaker uses enjambment to introduce changes in experiences and to sharpen their visual images. She says Rung after rung and still/ the oxygen immerses me/ the luscious light/ the clear atoms/ of our human air (23-27). The enjambment is a way of putting the reader i nto these experiences slowly, as if they are going down the ladder

Nigerias Growth and Economic Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nigerias offset and Economic Experience - Essay Exampleoverty in Nigeria can be attributed to a shortage of full of life resources and the endurance of harsh and inhospitable conditions including the breakd admit of economic, demographic, ecological, cultural and social systems and bad governance. A community nutrition in the oil producing areas in south of Nigeria displaced by pollution or the migration from rural to urban areas which undermines infrastructural facilities is a good example. A publication courtesy of the UNDP categorised Nigeria as one of the poorest countries in the world. Moreover, there in like manner came a report of the central bank of Nigeria reporting 69.2 per cent of the population being poor. Proportionally this statistics result conclude that two thirds of the Nigerian population are experiencing income poverty. As well in the remote areas of the country, to be specific those in the north east felt that 50 per cent of them were poor and the correspondi ng code for the south east was 54.5 per cent (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2009). The poverty gaps are widening and a greater proportion of the wealth is being concentrated in the hands of the wealthiest 20 percent.it is thought that the highest income earning statues is enjoyed by serious 10 per cent of the population who have a 31.4 per cent share of the total national income. close 50 per cent of the total income is owned by the twenty per cent of the highest income earning group. Only an insignificant hug drug per cent of the national income is owned by an estimated 20 per cent of the poorest portion of the population. Reports done by organisations such(prenominal) as UNDP highlights how the poor in Nigeria experience and understand their poverty as quoted by (Pyke and Ali-Akpajiak, 2003). This is so contempt the fact that Nigerias average growth rate between 2003 and...The country embarked on tenure of parliamentary change by repeated elections and compet itive political structures set in place. However, the new institutions are nerveless and inchoate, political allies appear divided and self-serving, popular legitimacy is fragile at best and these fledging regimes exhibit numerous challenges including detrimental economic conditions, (Lewis, 2007). The economy had a detrimental decline due to slow growth, joblessness loosen investment, institutional disarray and fitful policy changes. These pressures have contributed to mounting trends of ethnic, religious and local conflicts. Economic vista A critical look at poverty measurements shows a grim picture. Statistics focus on fair 0.2 per cent of GDP on health care and 0.7 per cent on education. Though the country has its own share of problems, external investors have the capacity to contribute positively to its share of long-term investment through joint ventures. A huge beneficiary as an asset is the current high price of natural oil. Proper management and governance has the pote ntial of sustaining Nigerias development and prosperity in this century and uttermost beyond.

The USA expansion after the year 1800, changes between the years 1820 Essay

The USA expansion after the year 1800, changes between the geezerhood 1820 and 1850. Hamiltons financial curriculum and the fruit of industrial manufacturing - Essay Example4, 2010). America refused, reminding the government of Mexico that the terms that had already been agreed to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made America responsible only for protection, not financial compensation for any losses that happened to people or territory belonging to Mexico (Gadsden purchase, 1853-1854, 2010). Complicating matters was the fact that some developers desperately wanted a gray transcontinental railroad to connect the West finished a southerly route. The only available routes passed through portions of Mexican territory. Things came to a boil in 1853, when the Mexican government evicted Americans from their homes in the Mesilla Valley (Gadsden purchase, 1853-1854, 2010). ... Though thither were small outbreaks of tension from this point on between the United States and Mexico, this treaty did much to cool the hostile relations that had previously been tense between the two countries. The United States experienced many changes between the years 1820 and 1850, including economic, industrial, and socioeconomic changes, as well as the issue of slavery. Of these changes, which do you think had the greatest nitty-gritty during this while? Explain your choice. I think that the industrial changes experienced in the United States during this time had the greatest effect on the country. Though the changes were fueled by an enormous population growth, with the American population expanding from four jillion in 1790 to ten million in 1820, and seventeen million in 1840, it was still industry that grew speedily and influenced almost every other sector of American life (Brinkley 2004). The growth of industries influenced the growth of cities, which influenced the changes that came about out-of-pocket to the expanded number of people in those cities. The populations of cities accelerated quickly, as did the number of factories in New England, with peeing power being replaced by steam power and later coal power. What had begun as a milling machinery system in New England for textile workers was quickly expanded into other industries, such as the clothe industry (Brinkley 2004). I also believe that industrial changes had the greatest impact on the country from 1820 to 1850 because the growth of industry fueled new inventions and gadgets that came into service for the first time. Perhaps the biggest was the railroad that would soon span the whole length of the United States. Before 1820, the main form of transportation

Witch-hunt in Scottish society Speech or Presentation

Witch-hunt in stinting society - talking to or Presentation ExampleAs such, when a new team of leaders took office in the 1649-1650, whereby the new leader Kirk Party attempted to clean out all in all the sorcery and glamourcraft inside the society by making it a godly state, these witches faced total extermination (Davies & De Blecourt, 2004 P.150). Any witch identified within the society was brought to court for judgment, and killed through hanging if found guilty. He therefore lucid a continuous hunt for all witches, and those found faced judgment and prosecution at ad hoc courts (Dingwall, 2003 P.78). Most of these witches who found guilty died in the hands of their prosecutors. These ad hoc courts eliminated most f the witches found be event they did non have any lawyers to defend them at these hearings. This was the Great Scottish Witch Hunt, which occurred between the periods of 1649-1650, consisting of a design of witch trials crosswise the land of Scotland. This is amo ng the five major witch-hunts identified within the country in the ultramodern days of Scotland that recorded the largest volumes of executions within a single year (Ewan and Nugent, 2008 P.49). This paper covers the events that took transport during this witch-hunt period, the effects of these events as well as the challenges and successes recorded at the culmination of these events. A number of resources deal with this topic on the witch-hunt period in Scotland (Good atomic number 18, 2002 P.15). However, most of them are not clear as to what exactly happened, i.e. not all of them give a clear account of events as they happened after the radical Kirk party took leadership and charge the Presbyterians church leaders to hunt out for witches within the community and bring them to justice. This is because they felt these witches and wizards were the main cause of calamities and suffering within the community (Graham, 2008 P.160). One single author by the name Brian Levack produced a masterly count of events on the witch-hunt period of the Scottish land, especially dealing with the concepts of law, religion and politics that in one(a) way or another propelled these activities (Henderson, 2008 P.179). In addition, the author covers on some topics the reasons why witchcraft was so widespread in the society, as well as the effects of these black-magic activities on the land (Larner, 1981 P.32). However, there are other sources, though skeptical in a way, that cover the topics raised on witch-hunt in the Scottish land. These topics cover a few concepts on the occurrences during this period as well as put across a clear account on all events that occurred during the period (Levack, 2008 P.92). As such, it was very challenging to take over this research especially because no single book, article, or journal covered conclusively all the events that took place during the Scottish witch-hunt (MacDonald, 1997 P.358). Most of these resources only provided sketchy topi cs on the events, or a particular opinion of an individual, which great power not necessary portray the real factors the led to or caused the events under consideration (Notes and Comments, 2002 P.240). Furthermore, they do not provide the effects of these ad hoc court trials, especially since the accused did not get an opportunity to declare their case. They only chance they have to exonerate themselves from the accusations placed against them were to provide proof of their lack of participation in these activities (Toivo, 2008 P.67). However, this led to even more bloodshed in the society as these accused witches pointed out on their friends and other counterparts, which expanded the witch-hunt in Scotland (Whatley,

Marriage in Other Countries Essay Example for Free

Marriage in Other Countries EssayThis paper allow be some a traditional define from my native land and former(a) countries. The traditional dress I will be writing about is called a spousals dress. A wedding dress is used end-to-end the world in various countries including China, Japan, India, and Vietnam. This paper will also detail different cultures, religions, types and burnishs of wedding gowns that symbolize the bride or groom wealthiness, occupation and or belief.In the Americas, weddings performed during and immediately following the middle ages were very much more than just a union mingled with two people. They could be a union between two families, two line of credites or even two countries. Many weddings were more a matter of business than love, particularly among the wealthy people. Brides were therefore expected to dress in a manner that made their family take c atomic number 18 more presentable, for they were not representing only themselves during the c eremony. Brides from wealthy families often wore rich colors and exclusive fabrics. The amount of hearty a wedding dress contained also was a reflection of the brides social standing and indicated the extent of the familys wealth to wedding guests.In the 1920s, wedding dresses were typically short in the front with a longer go over in the back and were worn with cloche- room wedding veils. Today, Americas traditional wedding color is white because of the marriage of cigaret Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. in the lead then, white was a mourning color, it represented a bride whom had recently lost a loved one. sorry was actually a color that was worn by the lower class because it was more favorable and could be worn again on many occasions.In the eastern cultures, the traditional wedding color was red, the color red symbolizes good luck and favorable. In modern Chinese weddings, the bride will opt f or Western style dresses and traditional costumes for the official tea ceremony. In India a choice for a bride is a wedding sari, which is a traditional gar custodyt for Indian women. Over time color options and wedding fabrics dedicate changed throughout the eastern countries. Fabrics have expanded and today, fabrics like crepe, georgette, tissue, silk, and satin have been used. Colors such as gold, pink, maroon, brown and yellow have also expanded. It seems as if the other countries around the world are starting to adopt the western tradition. At Japanese weddings, brides will often come apart three or more dresses throughout the ceremony and incidental celebrations with a traditional kimono, white and color dress combination being popular. The Javanese people of Indonesia wear a kebaya, a traditional kind of blouse, along with batik.The Native Americans have traditions different from near other countries. A Hopi (A Native American tribe) bride traditionally would have her gar ments woven by the groom and any men in the village who wished to participate. The garments consisted of a large belt, two all-white wedding dissembles, a white wedding robe with red stripes at top and bottom, white buckskin leggings and moccasins, a string for tying the hair, and a reed mat in which to wrap the outfit. A Pueblo bride wore a cotton garment tied above the aright shoulder, secured with a belt around the waist. In the traditions of the Delaware, a bride would wear a knee-length skirt of deerskin and a band of wampum beads around her forehead.Wedding dresses are very diverse and unique. There are a few affaires that all weddings dresses have in common among all cultures. The most important thing is that brides want to look and feel beautiful. The wedding dress is plays a significant part in the wedding ceremony. The wedding dress gives the bride the opportunity to stand out. A wedding dress represents one of the most precious garments that a woman will wear in her l ifetime. It represents religions, cultures and family traditions. Although its just material, the wedding dress is very important because it symbolize marriage, the union of two people who love each other.

Postcolonialism †An Historical Introduction Essay Example for Free

Postcolonialism An diachronic Introduction EssayIn these two chapters from the book Postcolonialism An Historical Introduction, Robert J.C. little provides the reader with an in depth understanding of colonal and postcolonial history, as well as well pondered definitions of disc all overstanding terms within the academic field of postcolonial studies. To illustrate the cruel and inhumane reality of the imperia makeic powers, Young uses the case of Sir Roger Casement, a functioner member of the British Consular Service who was asked by the British presidency in 1910 to investigate allegations of atrocities committed against the indigenous of the Amazon by a British company extracting rubber eraser from the jungle. Casement verified, against the British governments expectations the atrocities, which six years later ironically led to his execution, sentenced by the British government on a charge of High Treason. The case of Casement shows us how the imperialistic powers ru led with devastating inhumanity, not simply towards the indigenous but also towards anyone whom opposed the colonialising forces.The author goes on describing the history of 20th century imperialism. He puts forward the shocking situation that by the time of the first piece War, imperial powers occupied, or controlled, nine-tenths of the globes control surface territory, where of Britain governed one-fifth of the area of the world and a quarter of its population. Later in this chapter Young argues that Britain in fact actually was the first colony of the British empire, as here a minority elite the reigning upper class, controlled Britain both(prenominal) before and well into the nation further imperialistic era. With no space go forth for territorial expansion the leading forces of Europe turned inwards in a last approach to grow. He points to Aim Csaire who was the first to note that fascism was a form of colonialism brought home to Europe. The outcome of the second World War led to the defeated nations loss of colonies around the globe. After the Indian independence in 1947 began a further process of European decolonization that is now largely complete.The author however argues that the list of direct or indirect colonized areas, are still surprisingly long. He also points to the many a(prenominal) territories today, which is controlled by external forces not coming from within the European nations. Young states that the colonial history, which began as aboriginal as 500years ago, has determined the configurations and power structures of the present. When we speak about colonialism the term Third World is widely used, Young however supports the criticism of this identification, as the word third in it self carries a negative aura in a hierarchical relation to the first and second. To describe the three Confederate continents of Latin America, Africa and Asia, young therefore uses the more political correct term tricontinetal and even suggests th at postcolonialism should be called tricontinentalism. Postcolonial look back is united by a common political and moral consensus towards the history and legacy towards colonialism.It presupposes that the history of European expansion and the occupation of most of the global landmass between late 15th century and mid(prenominal) 20th century mark a process that was both specific and problematic. Western expansion was carried out with a moral justification that it was of benefit for all those nations, which it impacted. However apologists continue to lean upon this argument, it is impossible to cut across the extraordinary suffering and destructive impact on indigenous people the colonisation of the world brought with it. The hypothesis of postcolonial studies is that many of the wrongs, if not crimes, against humanity are a product of the economic dominance of the north over the south. In this government agency, Marxist theory became the most important framework in anticolonial thinking, where from postcolonial studies finds its birth.Postcolonial critique is a form of activist writing that looks back to the political commitment of the anti-colonial liberation movements. In an attempt to define Postcolonial critique, we flush toilet say that it focuses on forces of oppression and coercive domination that operate in the contemporary world the governing of anti-colonialism and neo-colonialism, race, gender, nationalism, class and ethnicities define its terrain. Its object, as defined by Cabral(1969), is the pursuit of liberation after achievement of political independence. It constitutes of a directed intellectual production that seeks to synthesize different kinds of work towards the realisation of common goals that accommodate the creation of equal access to material, natural, social and technological resources, the contestation of forms of domination economic, cultural, religious, ethnic, gendered, and the articulation and assertion of corporate form s of political and cultural identity.The Author gives the reader his definitions of the terms postcolonial, postcolonialism andpostcoloniality. He defines postcolonial as coming after colonialism and imperialism, in their original meaning of direct-rule domination, but still positioned within imperialism in its later sense of the global body of hegemonic economic power. The postcolonial is a concept that marks the historical facts of decolonization but also the realities of nations and peoples emerging into stark naked imperialistic context of economic and sometimes political domination. The term postcoloniaity by contrast puts the emphasis on the economic, material and cultural conditions that determine the global establishment in which the postcolonial nation is required to operate, a system heavily weighted towards the interests of international capital and the leading nations of the world.Postcolonialism, which the author prefers to call tricontinentalism, names a hypothetic al and political position, which embodies an active concept of intervention. Unlike the words colonialism, imperialism and neocolonialism which adopts only critical relation to oppressive regimes and practices that they represent, postcolonialism is both contestatory and committed towards political ideals of a transnational social justice. It attacks the status quo of hegemonic economic imperialism, and the history of colonialism and imperialism, but also signals an activist engagement with positive political positions and new forms of political identity in the same way as Marxism or feminism.

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education EssayIn Some Lessons from the Assembly Line Andrew Braaksma writes or so his experiences working for factories during his summer breaks and his education. His experiences let him realisticizes that he works so hard and calculate little pay. Its totally different from his college flavor. So he appreciates his education. I agree with what Andrew Braaksma says ab reveal how college life is different from the real world. Have you already prepared to the real world?Andrew Braaksma is a college student. He compares and contrasts two aspects of his life working at assembly line as a blue-collar during summer vacations and being a college student. He worked in the factories surrounding his nursing hometown for two reasons got overtime pay and saved money because lived at home is cheaper than campus.Aftera particularly exhausting string of 12-hour twenty-four hourss at a plastics factory, Andrew Braaksma, as college student who has never been out in the real world, realized that college was better than the work he was doing.His life in college was relatively lax he slept late he was able to spend time studying. He also had time to depressurise with his friends. So he couldnt wait for school to start again. I feel the same guidance with Andrew Braaksma. I couldnt imagine my life in the real work before I graduate from college. During I went to college in 80s in China, I wish I can get a job as soon as possible.While I was working at a TV factory as engineer,I saw many younger workers who worked there 16 hours a day for many years had no holiday and vacation because they had no education, and some didnt finish full(prenominal) school.It was also very stressful for theworkers because they knew their job could disappear overnight for outsources. Its really a cover eat dog world. Working in the assembly line caused Andrew to reflect on how fortunate he really was. This helped him appreciated his education.Those people without a proper educat ion are often forced to pretend unstable and low pay jobs in order to support themselves and their families. However, poverty and backwardness of my hometown let me penury to change lives through higher education. I realize that my education is more important when it comes to searching for a job for a long period of time.

Why Teens Smoke Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Why Teens Smoke Cigargonttes EssayAccording to the BaiDu, more(prenominal) than 80,000 young battalion around the world start smoking every day. Most people start smoking when they are immaturers, which make it more difficult to quit. The earlier the habit lay outs, the harder it is it to stop, although many teenagers make multiple attempts to stop smoking. thither are three main reasons why teens start smoking which is boredom, abide the weight and as a response to the stress of inform and family life. Just like the teens like to act as if they are mortal special or dangerous. By smoking they loafer act on those feelings. Because it is so forbidden it becomes more alluring to teens. The problem is that when they take that first, they can become addicted. The idea that they are breaking the law or going against their parents and schools is an addiction within itself. Kids like to get attention it does not matter if its frank attention or bad attention. They crave attent ion and by smoking they get big attention.The opposite teens look at them in all kinds of ways and the adults get upset and dont make love what to do. As the research, near teenagers, especially girls, smoke in an effort to lose extra pound. Quit.org states that the nicotine in cigarettes can suppress a teenagers appetite, satisfy her cravings and keep her busy so that she does not think about food. In a culture that obsesses over how someone looks, smoking may allow teens to achieve the push throughance ask to gain social acceptance. Some teens begin smoking because their friends smoke and they want to be liked and accepted, correspond to the CBC News. some adults who began smoking as teenagers acknowledge that their friends gave them their first cigarette and that they began smoking because it was acceptable behavior.Many teenagers fear rejection, so to avoid embarrassment that they may smoke as a way to appear tough and be rebellious. In some cases, teenagers use smoking a s a way to harbour independence from their parents. Also having a family member that smokes is another main reason that teens start smoking. Anna Gilmore, professor of populace health at the University of Bath, states in a September 2010 BBC News Health article that teens who have a family member who smokes are 90 percent more likely to start smoking. Teens often emulate the behaviors of their parents and onetime(a) family members.Teens may start smoking simply because they see their parents or older siblings smoking. On the other hand, some teens may start smoking to rebel against family members orauthority figures who tell them not to smoke. Teenagers who smoke normally become addicted faster and on lower levels of nicotine than adults. Teen smoking can become a lifelong habit or a one-time case, depending on the individual. It affects almost 54 percent of high school students in the China every year. One in three people who begin smoking during their teenage years will later d ie of smoke related conditions, according to the website Teen Smoking. So boredom, lose the weight and pressure are a variety of reasons why a teenager may begin smoking.

Employee Rewards Essay Example for Free

Employee Rewards EssayIntroductionThe purpose of this adjudicate is to critic totallyy examine the processes exercised by Scotia learn and nominate if their honours ar appropriate to those of the mart. The get over pull up stakes begin by discussing the background of Scotia Learning and follow on to define reenforcement care bring out the objective and constraints inwardly the reward st calculategy. We ordain then consider the legal framework and examine wherefore there are variations in succumb and how job evaluation can ensure equity and pallidity is achieved. Finally we will discuss the concept of need and the implications of open for performance within the reward st ordergy. The report ends with an analysis of the key issues of the topic. Scotia Learning is the case subscribe for this essay and is one of a network of university-based study centres offering preparation for students wishing to study undergraduate and postgraduate degrees for progression in to university degree courses. The company has enunciate venture partnerships with top universities throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and United States of America.Reward management is furbish uped with the formulation and effectuation of st setgies and policies that aim to reward people f line of reasoningly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the scheme (Armstrong Murlis, 2007, p3). seek by Redman Wilkinson (2009) indicates that reward is an enormously complex issue and has to take account of three fundamental principles in determining systems and constructions internal equity, international equity and business scheme. In addition Thorpe Homan (2000) state that the organisation should identify what objectives and behaviours the handment system should guide for pattern, labour market competitiveness and management skills whilst Perkins White (2009) highlight the immensity of legal regulations that can put constraints on organisations, f or example minimum wage (legal), corporate bargaining (trade unions), and the external labour markets.Scotia Learning does non recognise a trade union however it does recognise that collective bargaining has been influential in discussing and setting fee ar creasement due to internal and external pass judgment of pay not being equal. Within the barter legislation pay has always been an area of controversy especially when one considers employees collective concerns (Brown et al., 2003). The introduction of The Equal Pay Act 1970 outlawing unequal pay for men and women having since evolved into equal pay for equal work and the Equal Pay (Amendment) Regulations 1983 after the UK joined the EU in 1973 (Perkins White, 2009), now gives employees a certain degree of protection in their employment relationship.To strengthen up-to- get word legislation The Equality Act 2010 was introduced highlighting human rights and discriminatory factors, such(prenominal) as equal pay, hinge on discrimination, race, disability and equality (religion, sexual orientation, and age) (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2012). In response to this Scotia Learning are aware that they realize a duty of care to all employees and comply with the Equal Opportunities Policy by ensuring the applicable reading is undertaken by managers and employees ensuring everyone understands the immensity of and their responsibilities under this Policy. This is also promoted in all recruitment documents, ensuring that wording of job advertisements does not discriminate against any potential applicants.As part of this legislation, employers are legally required to ensure their pay structures are not discriminatory against men and women in terms of valuing work betwixt them in their employment and in order to defend themselves against equal pay claims, organisations must be able to prove that the jobs within their grading system are valued according to the job rather than the gender of the per son doing the job. disap foretellment to adhere to these regulations can result in a tribunal claim and if proven the organisation will contrive to pay all money accrued which can be backdated six years in England and five years in Scotland. In the case of (Birmingham City Council v Abdulla and another(prenominal)s 2012 UKSC 47), the Supreme Court control that equal pay claims brought in the High Court more than six months after the end of the claimants employment, which would shed been out of time in an employment tribunal, should not be struck out under parting 2(3) of the Equal Pay Act 1970.The reasons for a claimants failure to bring a timely claim in a tribunal are not applicable in any way to the notion of thingmajig under section 2(3). (PLC Employment Law Weekly email). Within Scotia Learning pay and benefits are provided on the basis of objective criteria, free from discrimination taking into account the principle of equal pay for kindred work or work of equal value . In addition we ensure transparency within the reward system is clear to all employees in that they understand how their pay is worked out and what is required from them to achieve this. argument profiles and person specifications for each new vacancy are drawn up in keeping with other jobs of a similar size and responsibility which focus on the skills, experience and qualifications that are targetly relevant to the job. Armstrong Murlis (2007, p115) state that the payment system is important as it not only conveys a signal to the employees what the organisational priorities are but also acts as a catalyst for wider organisational change a view reiterated by Armstrong (1996) in which he proposes that the foundations of reward management are to achieve the individual and organisational behaviour that a company demand if the business goals are to be met.Therefore the term employees are the key to enhanced organisational performance becomes relevant with links to Kessler and Purce ll (1994) where they emphasise that payment systems are related to recruitment, retention and motivation of staff and that the determination of pay is not only the interaction of market forces but also employers. It is also acknowledged that variations in pay can occur for a variety of reasons and from a legal perspective it is important to understand why (Redman Wilkinson, 2009). Firstly the power scenario, in that if labour is scarce, employees will have more power and thence may be able to demand higher pay, in contrast with an over-supply of labour employers have the power and hence may be able to hold pay at lower rates (Redman Wilkinson, 2009). Secondly, it has been acknowledged that the rate for the job should be the same for employees doing the same job but considering organisational performance is reliant on the employees effort, skills and competencies, it is not logical to assume that effort should be rewarded and pay should vary accordingly.A view divided by Redman Wilkinson (2009, p161) who advocate that variable pay schemes (VPS) are said to hold out the promise towards the mental hospital of internal labour market that is fairer in rewarding people as it is only fair that rewards should have a direct link with effort. The argument with this theory is that risk adverse workers will be less willing to gamble on pay related performance than a set derive of pay. Thirdly, we should also take into consideration the external market rate of pay and uneven market pressures such as differing regional or occupational rates of pay as Kessler (2007, p167) states external equity is an organisational arbitrary as failure to respond the labour market changes will leave organisations at a disfavour competitively. Scotia Learning responds to these challenges by regularly benchmarking and studying the market rate of pay within the educational sector. Data collected is beneficial in determining pay to ensure pay scales are in line with and competitive wit h similar jobs.For example, when recruiting teaching staff, the use of organisations such as SATEFL and other educational websites are particularly useful, for administration staff we would use S1jobs.com and jobseeker.gov.uk website and with management we would use agencies. However, although the aforesaid strategy is very useful, Scotia Learning is a recountingly large organisation with Centres worldwide and other factors have to be taken into consideration, such as location and cost of living. In determining the value of jobs within our organisation, although we consider the external market pay rates, decisions concerning pay are done through a coherent wage and career structure internal to our organisation which ensures consistency and fairness in our reward systems. It has been reported that issues with this reward system have arisen within the banking sector resulting in Government intervention to deal with inequalities of pay setting at sr. management/director level and low pay via the national minimum wage.This is not an area of concern for Scotia Learning as the yearly pay increase is a % rate consistent throughout the organisation and our pay structure process involves a job evaluation a systematic process for establishing the relative worth of jobs within an organisation Redman Wilkinson (2009, p141). In addition Scotia Learning is accredited to the British Council and British Accreditation Council and all HR policies and personnel files are properly documented and filed. Our job evaluation comprises of an analytical (i.e., jobs are worried down into individual components) broad-band pay structure with a range of factors such as knowledge and skills, difficulty solving, decision making and then allocating points to them. It is interesting to note that research by IRS (2007) showed that an average of 86% of organisations use this form of job evaluation. Within this broad-band pay structure we have 6 wide overlapping salary bands made up of mana gement, HR, teaching staff, finance, student services and cleaning staff with a salary range for each bank of at least 75%.Progression up the bands will be by skills and qualifications, performance and competence enhanced through individual career development thus supplying the motivation for continuous learning. To support this, the annual performance review takes regularise, however it is not linked to pay or rewards and is based on the objectives of skills and competence which are linked to organisational performance. In terms of equity and fairness the rate of pay for full-time and part-time teaching staff is calculated on the same hourly rate therefore ensuring consistency and fairness within the system. It is interesting to note that research by Redman Wilkinson (2009, p139) argues that by nonrecreational an hourly rate employers control over pace and performance is reliant on either direct supervision or the willingness of employees to engage with the task synonymous with the argument surrounding risk adverse workers.This point of view may be viable in organisations such as call centres where technology enables the monitor and regulating of work by measuring output and input and within the customer service diligence where we have the secret shopper, but within the education sector autonomy is part of the job as is their professional code of ethics which includes commitment, motivation and discretionary behaviour which is contradictory to the argument by Thorpe Homan (2000) who imply that non-financial aspects are secondary and rarely given the same prominence in the design of payment systems. Managing rewards is generally about managing employee expectations linking to their psychological contract which is concerned with pay, performance and the development of skills (Armstrong Murlis, 2007).The argument then becomes, if reactions to rewards depend on the psychological makeup, values and needs of individual, one cannot wholly rely on performance related pay schemes to enhance all employees performance as not everyone is motivated by money. Motivation only takes place if rewards are worthwhile to the individual and if the process is seen to be fair, therefore, it would require to be customised for every individual in the organisation (Armstrong Murlis, 2007). For example, an employee nearing the end of their career may be more interested in job atonement (intrinsic reward), whereas a graduate beginning their career may be more interested in training and development (extrinsic reward).For that reason it can be argued that both intrinsic rewards such as respect, recognition, job happiness and responsibility are just as important as extrinsic rewards such as pay rises, bonuses, training and development opportunities and benefits such as annual holidays, company sick pay and company pension. This highlights the importance of implementing an equitable and fair reward strategy in that by incorporating financial and non-financi al rewards is that they can be utilise as a tool to enhance employee motivation resulting in improved organisational performance. Finally the importance of management skills cannot be undermined as they are a fundamental element of human resource management. The management strategy within Scotia Learning is based on autonomy, communication and high levels of trust between management and employees. shew to support this is the turnover rate of staff with one employee resigning over the past two years and the annual absence levels within Scotia Learning for all staff inclusive stands at 0.1% of working hours, which is the lowest in the entire organisation.ConclusionThis objective of the report was to establish the processes that ensure equity and fairness in the reward systems. We have covered the legal aspects, strategies, market awareness, motivation, job evaluation and performance appraisal and it has become unadorned that Scotia Learning complies with all legal legislation, and displays equity and fairness within the reward systems. However there was an air of negativity surrounding performance and reward as within Scotia Learning the annual appraisal is not yet connected to pay for performance. It is possible that issues could arise if this was implemented, namely, it could seriously affect the dynamics of the office purlieu between a very closely-nit team of employees, managers and directors in that, how does the manager justify their decision in the progeny of a low reward without affecting the equilibrium of the office environment and within a enroll organisation all trade unions argue against performance linked to pay.Schemes relating pay to performance, although generating a tremendous fare of interest have very little in the way of conclusive evidence concerning their effects on performance (Redman Wilkinson, (2009). This echoes Thompson (1992) findings in which he states, research fails to provide convincing evidence of a link between individu al performance-related pay schemes and improvements in productivity. The evidence supports that other approaches should be considered in rewarding employees, for example a one-off bonus payment which would not affect the employees annual salary.ReferencesArmstrong, M. (1996) Employee Reward, capital of the United Kingdom Kogan Page/IPD Armstrong, M., and Murlis, H. (2007) Reward Management. 5thedn. London Hay Group Brown, W., Marginson, P., and Walsh, J. (2003) The management of pay as the influence of collective bargaining diminishes. In P.K. Edwards, industrial Relations Theory and Practice, Oxford Blackwell IRS (2007) Job evaluation is thriving, survey finds Employment Review, 667 Kessler, I. (2007) Reward Choices strategy and equity. In Storey, J. HRM a critical text 3rd edition, London Thomson Learning Kessler, I., and Purcell, J. (1994) Performance Related Pay Objectives and application, Human imaginativeness Management Journal, Vol.2, No.3 Perkins, S. J., and White, G. (2009 ) Employee Reward Alternatives, consequences and contexts, 2nd edn. London Chartered Institute Of Personnel and Development, Redman, T., and Wilkinson, A. (2009) Contemporary Human vision Management Text Cases, 3rd edn. London Prentice Hall, Thompson, M. (1992) Pay for Performance The employers experience, Brighton, Institute of Manpower Studies Thorpe, R., and Homan, G (2000) Strategic Reward Systems, Harlow Financial Times Williams, S., and Adam-Smith, D. (2006) Contemporary Employment Relations A critical introduction, Oxford University beg Equality of Human Rights Commission, available from http//www.equalityhumanrights.com/human-rights/ date accessed 23/10/12 PLC Employment Law, available from emailprotected date accessed 26/10/12

Bush Dynasty Essay Example for Free

provide Dynasty EssayWith American Dynasty Aristocracy, Fortune, and the authorities of Deceit in the House of Bush Kevin Phillips looks at the Bush-Walker family going back four generations. Phillips uses the term dynasty advisedly to mean a fact, not a policy-making theory. He claims that dynasties tend to show continuities of policy and interest-group bias and there is a consistency in their mien (Phillips 2-5). This dynastic tendency need not be a negative thing.This is not unique to the Bush-Walker family nor to the republican Party similar claims against the Kennedy family that has had political influence throughout the twentieth century the Roosevelts, Harrisons and Adams had similar power structures that hotshot to each family having two family members as President of the linked States. The problem, Philip writes with the Walker-Bush family is the type of behavior it has engaged in to acquire its goals and the effects this behavior has had on the United States. The author begins his book by looking at the example of behavior that has developed within the extended Walker-Bush family.Phillips claims there is a story use of family influence in arranging or smoothing over difficulties in the military service of George W. , George H. W. , and Prescott Bush, grandfather of the current President. However he fails to mention what any of these difficulties were. He claims that the familys interest in the oil colour dates back nearly a coke years when Samuel Bush had financial connections with Standard Oil. This interest spans the twentieth century and continues until today. This interest has included a relationship with the now defunct Houston-based oil company Enron since the mid-1980s.This time period included time when George H. W. Bush was Vice-President and President. Phillips contends that the Bush-Walker family has long been involved with the United States public policy and has a vested interest to promote five areas to arouse their wea lth and power involvement in the United States investment banking, the increasing size of the military-industrial complex, the ballooning of the CIA, the attempts to do the United States control the worlds oils supplies, and a close alliance between the United States and Great Britain (Phillips 2).In right to Phillips he does point out that affiliations should not be transformed into a latter-day conspiracy theory. Phillips provides a long list of behavior by the Bush family that smacks of impropriety. The family has engaged in eight decades of involvement with the petroleum industry. Throughout this time they used their influence and wealth to further their economic and political aspirations (Phillips 246). Prescott Bush engaged in business that included selling of mail to Germany as late as 1938.In 1942 his embodied directorships had strong links to Germany even though we were at war with Germany, were publicly exposed. George W. H. Bush has a history of covert activity that in cludes support of the Bay of Pigs, as Vice-President he engaged in clandestine arms operations that included Nicaragua, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. He is alleged to have been instrumental in negotiations with Iran that led to an agreement that Iran would not release the American hostages until after the November presidential election.He was heavily involved in the Iran-Contra Scandal and in secret armed the Iraq army from 1984 until 1990 when he abruptly changed sides when Hussein invaded Kuwait. George W. Bush has followed in his fathers footsteps. His first 2000 election was contest when he won by a handful of votes in Florida where his younger brother was governor. He has invaded two Afghanistan and Iraq, and willingly denied Constitutional rights of individuals in favor of his own agenda. His accumulation of presidential powers actions has threatened the very theoretical account of the United States Constitution with his challenges to the separation of pow ers.Phillips has extensive experience and qualifications to be examining this issue. He received an undergraduate leg from Colgate University, studied at Edinburgh University, and studied law at Harvard Law School. He served as an adviser to Richard Nixon during the 1968 tally and later served as a White House strategist. He has been a political and economic beholder for more than thirty years and has written nine books on politics and economics in the United States. He is a regular contri neverthelessor to NPR, PBS, The Los Angeles, and The Wall Street Journal.During his youth he was a member of the republican Party but became an Independent when he became aware of the direction the United States was taking in the late 1970s and 1980s (Phillips flyleaf Kevin Phillips). One wonders what effects Phillips decision to leave the Republican Party has had on his political beliefs. It is easy to imagine that someone who loses faith in an macrocosm would strike out against the instituti on with fanaticism. However Philips does not appear to do this.The combination of playing an important role in the Republican Party and his subsequent withdrawal from the Republican Party appears to have put Phillips in a nonsubjective position. Instead of having an agenda to promote he appears to be interested in the truth. Phillips writes in a simple, clear, and clean-cut style. He provides extensive endnotes and an index. What he does not provide is a bibliography this would be a useful tool around for the student, reader of popular political science, and anyone who is trying to make sense of current United States politics. At generation American Dynasty does read like a conspiracy theory.One is overwhelmed not by the nature of the activities, but by the sheer volume of activities and the consistent manner members of this family have behaved. One is tempted to dismiss the book as the ranting of a paranoid fanatic. However Phillips appears to have written a thoroughly research ed accurately report and well documented. This book is disturbing precisely because of this. If it were clearly false it would be easy to dismiss it. At the very least Philips has written a book that should cause concern about the manner in which our President engages in politics.At most he has written an indictment again George W. Bush and the complete extended family that has had its hand in too many questionable activities to be innocent of wrongdoing. Notes Phillips, Kevin. American Dynasty Aristocracy, Fortune, and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush (New York Penguin Group, Viking, 2004). Kevin Phillips Political Historian. Speakers of Substance Leigh Bureau. N. d. Cited 30 Mar. 2007 available from the World colossal Web http//leighbureau. com/speaker. asp? id=125.

Dental Amalgam and the Risks Essay Example for Free

alveolar consonant Amalgam and the Risks EssayWhat is dental dental amalgam?Amalgam is a combination of metals that has been commitd in dentistry for more than 100 years. It is still commonly used today. Although it sometimes is called silver amalgam, amalgam actually consists of a combination of metals. These include silver, mercury, tin and copper. Small amounts of zinc, indium or palladium also may be used.How safe is amalgam?Many studies on the safety of amalgam fillings select been done. In 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated this research. It found no reason to limit the use of amalgam. The FDA concluded that amalgam fillings are safe for adults and children ages 6 and above.Why is mercury used in amalgam?Mercury is used in amalgam because it helps make the filling material pliable. When it is mixed with an alloy powder, it creates a compound that is soft enough to mix and press into the tooth. But it also hardens quickly and lav go for the forces of biting and chewing.Why the concern about mercury in amalgam?Everyone is capable to mercury by means of air, drinking water, soil and food. Concerns gravel been raised, for instance, about the amount of mercury framinging up in weight as a result of pollution. Mercury enters the air from industries that burn mercury-containing fuels. Mercury from all sources can build up in body organs. As with most substances, the degree of harm caused by mercury in the body is related to the amount. Very low levels dont cause any ill effects. At higher levels for instance, when workers are exposed to mercury through their jobs mercury can cause several symptoms. These include anxiety, irritability, memory loss, headaches and fatigue. Studies have shown that the amount of mercury you are exposed to from your fillings is less than the amount that most people are exposed to in their daily environment or in the food they eat. Do some people have reactions to amalgam?In rare cases, peo ple have allergic reactions to the mercury in amalgam. The American Dental Association says that fewer than 100 cases of this type of allergy have ever been reported. People allergic to amalgam can receive other(a) filling materials.Should pregnant women be concerned about amalgam feelings? interrogation has not shown any health effects from amalgam fillings in pregnant women. However, mercury can track the placenta. In general, dentists advise pregnant women to avoid unnecessary dental care. Women should not get amalgam fillings during pregnancy. Dentists can suggest other materials for any pregnant woman who needs a cavity filled. If amalgam is safe, wherefore does my dentist take precautions when handling it?Because dentists work with mercury almost every day, they must take safety precautions. Without protection, dentists can inhale mercury vapors. Over time, this exposure can produce symptoms of mercury toxicity.How is dental amalgam made?To make dental amalgam, dentists mi x liquid mercury with a powder containing silver, tin and other metals. Dentists buy excess contractions that contain the powder and the liquid mercury, separated by a membrane. They use special machinery to puncture the membrane and mix the amalgam while it is still in the capsule. Once mixing is complete, the capsule is opened. By the time the amalgam is placed in your tooth, the mercury has formed a compound with the other metals. It is no longer toxic.

Translation in Advertising Essay Example for Free

Translation in publicizing EssayModern mass media have triggered the distribution of the inter issue advertizing activity. Nowadays, the translation of publicise has make out not further necessary but also the daily phenomenon of life of the world community. Thus, the knowledge of theoretical bases of the make for is not only an indispensable condition, but also the quality assurance of the translation. Like new(prenominal) reapingion of the mass media newspapers, magazines, TV programs, broadcasts, advertizing is materialized in the form of the ready media text edition.And the concept text with the rootage to the sphere of the mass information is used not only for a designation of an actual text oral morsel, but also gets lines of dimensions and multidimensionality including such important for media production components as a visual number in its graphic or television embodiment, and also an audio number in the form of a product. Therefore, the concept the advertis e text concerns not only a verbal number, but also includes a set of all linguistic signifi assholet components, whateverhow schedules, images, sound, etc.where the concrete set depends on a mass-media-carrier. Such interpretation of a concept the publicize text finds the reflection in works of many another(prenominal) English-speaking researchers, in particular, in Angela Goddars The Language Book of Advertising which writes The word text here (as employ to advertize) is used in its widest sense, including visual artifacts as well as verbal verbiage.While translating advertise texts it is necessary to consider the purpose of the advertise message, the character of the consumer, the speech qualities of the text of the original, the pagan and individual possibilities of the terminology in the cultural aspect of the consumer and many other things.Translation of texts in denote can be defined as close to adequate. Such type of translation is caused by its practical necessit y. The tending(p) approach demands good knowledge of the translator of the subject discussed in the original, the translator should understand what the author of the advertising text, i.e. communicative intention of the advertising text, wanted to say. Translation of the advertising text at change of the verbal form should be, at the same time, precisely bump offred in meaning.While translating English-speaking advertising texts, in some cases Russian translators dont translate the text and give its semantic equivalent. For example What legs Much more than legs OMSA knows how to be admired (From Paris to the Find Omsa the best stockings ) Betcha cant eat just one (Zahrustish you will not resist ).The choice of this or that way or translating depends on a lot factors. It can be both the character of the text being translated, and the earshot of the consumer of advertising production, psychological features of the translator, and his /her adherence of a certain literary traditio n. For many experts in advertising activity the foreign language text serves only as a means for understanding the idea of an advertised product, the text is often written from abrasion in the language of the country of the consumer, taking into account its national specificity.When the exact translation of the text represented is for any reasons undesirable, the translator uses the phrases that are approximate in meaning the phrases should necessarily consider traditional ethnic, national and accessible features, stereotypes of behavior of a concrete audience at whom the product in the advertising text is directed. If the audience on whom the text of an advertised product is focused is various, translators use exclusively common lexicon that is edify to each native speaker and has wide application in a daily dialogue.If the target audience is homogeneous, translators dont use in the advertizing text the words that have certain restrictions in the use. They carefully demand th e words included in the advertising text with the reference to their stylistic conformity, to the chosen theme, the product and the audience. In the case when the advertising campaign is focused on the narrow homogeneous audience having its own social or professional metalanguage, the use of slangy words and words of professionalism is not forbidden to the translator, but, moreover, it is welcomed.The reference to literary, cultural and historical traditions is the powerful weapon for the founders of advertising. At the same time similar phenomena represent certain difficulties at interpretation and perception of the text. The use of citations, hints, deformed idioms, and also the words of another language assumes the presence of the frequent background knowledge of the founder of the text and its addressee.A similar phenomena gets special importance in advertising of the goods displayed inthe international market as in this case in that location is required some registration of advertising messages to the audience they are addressed with the reference to peculiarities of the language picture of the world. Advertising texts should be characterized by clarity, brightness, laconicism, extravagance, highly professional execution, as its main objective to draw attention, to raise interest and to stimulate sale. To contact this purpose the composers of the advertizing text appeal to the use of various linguistic and psychological devices.Therefore, in advertising messages on the the limited space it is possible to observe the highest concentration of various stylistic devices. Having the purpose of intensive concentrated influence, advertising uses a rich spectrum of expressive means at all language levels. 1 Allegory, a metaphor, comparison, parallelism, various kinds of repetitions, alliteration, an onomatopoeia, concentration of imperative forms of a verb and connotive adjectives all these are widely represented in advertising texts. So, for example, D.Daj er characterizes features of language of advertizing as follows Advertising language is of course loaded language. Its primary aim is to guide our attention and dispose us favorably towards the product or service on offer. Advertisers use language quite distinctively there are certainly advantages in making bizarre and controversial statements in unusual ways as well as communicating with people using simple, straightforward language Catching our attention and imagination and aiding memory are perhaps the primary functions of advertising languages usual or stylish words and short, crisp sentences are easy to repeat and remember.And our memories are also served by stigma names, slogans and catch-phrases, rhythm and rhyme, alliteration, snatches of song and verse and of course endless repetition. 3, p. 140 As one of the major components of the advertising text is the description of advertised goods or services, attributive combinations that include adverbs and adjectives bear the big functional loading. more or less researchers even name the adverbs and adjectives the keywords of the advertising text and pay to them special attention.If you listen to any commercial or glance at advertisements in magazines, you will be subjected to a liberal sprinkling of adverbs and adjectives. There are key parts of speech for advertisers. They are the trigger words because they can stimulate envy, dreams and desires by evoking looks, call down, taste, nip without actually misrepresenting a product. Adjectives and adverbs help to create that unique tonality of an advertising appeal which allows to transfer qualities and advantages of an advertised subject.While translating into other language this circumstance should be necessarily considered Radiant, sensual, sophisticated, Jadore is a fragrance that celebrates the reincarnation of extreme femininity and the power of spontaneous feeling with a brilliant bouquet of orchids, the velvet touch of Damascus plum and the mellown ess of Amarante wood (Shining, sensual, difficult, Jadore aroma which celebrates the Renaissance of extreme feminity and the power of direct emotion with a brilliant bouquet of orchids, velvet contact of Damask plum, and ripeness of wood of an amaranth).3, p. 149 In translation process of advertising texts adjectives and adverbs are used for the description of the most various properties of an advertised product forms, the size, the quality, the cost, sensations which the given product causes. The adjectives that are most used in English-speaking advertising concern natural, sensual, innocent, passionate, romantic, mysterious, good, better, best, free, fresh, delicious, full sure, clean, wonderful, special, fine, big, great, real, easy, bright, extra, rich, gold.Often there are the adjectives specifying the authenticity of a trade mark genuine, authentic and original. But, perhaps, the champion of frequency in English-speaking advertising there is an adjective new he can be met practically in each second advertising text. On syntactical level it is possible to name such most meaning(a) signs of the advertising text as the frequent use of imperative forms of a verb that considerably strengthens dynamism of an advertising appeal (see, buy, fly).They fell in love with her when she started wearing that Sexplosion perfume. That perfume really attracts boys Buy some genuinely often in advertising texts there is a metaphor, while translating it the translator needs to show a great creative potential Plop plop, fizz fizz, oh what a relief it is (Advertizing Alka-Seltzer Fun without a hang-over ) The quicker picker-upper (advertizing of chocolate Bounty Bounty. Paradise pleasure). Or on the contrary, while translating a usual advertising slogan into Russian the translator uses a metaphorMr.Clean will clean your whole house and everything thats in it (Mr. Proper all has washed also apartment has freshened With Mr. Proper is more cheerful, houses purely twice w inged ) If its gotta be clean, its gotta be Tide (Cleanliness Tajd is pure ). References 1. , . . . . . 2000. 2. , . . // . 2000. 2. 3. Dyer, G. Advertising as Communication. London. 1995.

Father of the Year Essay Example for Free

Father of the Year EssayMany people in Maycomb County , aluminum gathered to watch genus Atticus Finch defend tom turkey Robinson , a black man. The odds were already against Tom Robinson and Atticus because Tom Robinson was black and Mayella Ewell was white. Tom Robinson is organism accused raping Mayella Ewell in her own home when he was suppose to be helping her with some work. Mayella told Tom Robinson to come here, nigger, and bust up this chifferobe for me, I gotta atomic number 28 you. According to her after she asked him to bust up the chifferobe tree he attempted to rape her. Before Atticus Finch even had a chance to question Mayella , she burst out in tears. She burst into tear when the suppose simply said Just tell us what happened. At the stand Mayella was a nervous return down. Within the first few questions that Atticus asked her she freaked out because she thought that Atticus was mockin her. Atticus was all being polite by calling her maam and Ms. Mayell a , and Mayella seemed to just take in offense. During the questioning by Atticus , Mayella unplowed her same story, that Tom Robinson raped her.She seemed to be unsure about that story mid-way through the questioning. Actually some of her responses to Atticuss questions didnt make sense or she wouldnt respond at all. She told the court room that Tom Robinson hit her with his odd helping hand on the right side of her face, even though his left wing Crises in Maycomb By Kevon McClary hand is paralyzed from an accident that accord while he was a child. The odd thing is that Mayella father, Bob Ewell , is left handed and was allegedly at the crime after the rape occurred.Throughout most of her questioning Mayella seemed as if she was confused. Mayella once stated No, I dont recollect if he hit me. I mean yes I do, he hit me. Mayella not speaking clearly during the questioning may lead the jury to think that she is dissimulation about her story. In the picture above you will see A tticus Finch questioning Mayella Ewell. The last peer of questions that Atticus was asking Mayella , Mayella seemed to be acquire angrier by the question. There was absolutely nothing that Mayella Ewell could be getting mad about.If I was in the jury , Mayella getting aggravated, nervous, and crying that would somewhat lead to me believing the she was evasiveness about the whole thing. Mayella really seemed to be enraged when she said her finale statement , That nigger yon took advantage of me an if you fine learn gentlemen dont wanta do nothin about it then youre all yellow stinkin cowards, stinkin cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs dont come to nothinyour maamin and Miss Mayellerin dont come to nothin, Mr. Finch. My opinion of this trial is that Tom Robinson is innocent.From Mayella freaking out , to the obvious show up that points out Tom Robinsons innocent. I think that Mayella Ewell is a great person, just raised by the ruin father. In a way it seems like all of Mayella answers were what Bob Ewell wanted her to say . She knows the truth female genital organ it all , whether she wants to tell it or not. Its already obvious to the jury and the courtroom that tom Robinson is innocent. But the only thing is that Tom Robinson is an African American male whose word is not as important as the white man or even the white woman.

Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory Essay Example for Free

Ericksons Psycho loving Theory establishErick Erickson is a well cognise theorist. He was a student of Freud and was greatly influenced by his work. Eriksons opening is known as peerless of the best theories of personality in psychology. While he accepted Freuds possible action of psychosexual cultivation, he felt that it was incomplete. It did non recognize social and cultural influencesIt did not recognize let onment changes beyond adolescenceIt did not put enough emphasis on ego victimisationThis scheme focus primarily on exploitation of neurotic and maladaptive behavior and did not give enough esteem to healthy development. Erikson believed that personality developed in a series of eight layers. He argues that development occurs crossways a whole lifespan. He developed his conjecture establish on the basis that cognitive and social development occurs at the same time. Erickson believed that during development people go through a series of psychosocial crises. These crises locate a date between two personality conflicts. Erickson developed detailed definitions of these psychosocial stages and the crises associated with each one. Each stage builds on the preceding one and prep ars the individual for the next (Martin Fabes 2009). The 1st stage is trust versus mistrust (Main inquire Is the world a trustworthy place?). This stage focuses on infants needs being met by p bents. Infants reckon on their guardians for food and comfort.Their understanding of society comes from their interactions with their guardian. If a chela is exposed to consistent positive interactions, and unattackable care, the infant get out build trust. If the parents fail to provide and meet the basic needs the child willing ascertain a brain of mistrust. Stage 2 is Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt (Toddlers 2 to 3 years). Main Question domiciliate I do things myself or must I always depose on others? As children gain control over their body and motor skills they begi n to claim possessions and develop a wiz of independency. However, parents still provide a key role ofsecurity from which the child jakes venture out to assert their will. When parents are patient and encouraging it helps promote autonomy. Otherwise, they are likely to trim impale the child with a sense of head which decreases their willingness to try new tasks. Stage 3 is Initiative vs. immorality (Preschool, 3 to 6 years).Main Question Am I good or am I gravely? At this stage, children want to begin and complete their own actions for a purpose. They are learning how well they tush do things.They are too learning that, just because they are able to do things, does not ungenerous it is a good idea to do it. Guilt is a new emotion at this time. Children are jump to learn that some behaviors may make them feel unhappy astir(predicate) themselves. They are beginning to develop sense of right and wrong. Stage 4 is Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12). Main Question Can I make it in this world? At this stage children begin to develop a sense of pride in their achievements. This is a crucial time for teachers because they play an increased role in the childs development. When children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and their confidence is increased. If this initiative is not encouraged or controlled by parents or teacher, then the child will feel inferior and doubt their abilities. Stage 5 is Identity vs. Confusion (early teen). Main Question Who am I? What can I? During this stage there is a transition from childhood to adulthood, which is very important.This is when the child becomes more independent, and begins to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. They explore and begin to form their own identity based on the outcome of their experiences. The sense of who they are can be hindered, which causes confusion about themselves and their place in the world. Stage 6 is I ntimacy vs. Isolation. Main Question Can I love? During this stage it is the menstruum of early adulthood when people are exploring their personal relationships. Erikson believed it was important for people to develop close and committed relationships with others. Those who are successful at this stage will develop secure relationships. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships.Stage 7 is Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood). Main dubiety Can I make my life count? During establish this stage is when adults careers. They settle down in spite of appearance a relationship and begin to develop a family of their own. there is a sense of giving back tosociety through raising children, working, and being involved in community activities and organizations. When adults fail to achieve these objectives, they pretermit self worth and feel unproductive. Stage 8 is Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Main question Am I hap py with the way that I convey lived my life? This is the final stage of development in which adults grow older and become seniors.They tend to slow down in general. During this time they think about their accomplishments and are able to develop honesty about our achievements. This is when it is decided how productive one has been and if life goals have been accomplished (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development). Critique Erickson was one of the first psychologists to become aware of the influence of culture on behavior. His theory focused on three key pointsBodyMindCultureErickson acknowledged cultural differences and contributed significantly to the study of adolescence and how they formed their identities. He felt that we should look at life in its entirety. He believed that development expanded through adulthood and that there were crises that adults encountered. His theory conflicts Freuds in the fact that his emphasis was on the role of the ego rather than the id. This makes Ericksons theory more positively oriented than Freud. Ericksons theory is geared toward a positive outcome. However, many theorists doubted Ericksons academic integrity. There is also very critical research that has been conducted on childhood and adult psychosocial crises. It has been noted that many of Ericksons theoretical propositions are arduous to test. Some were even impossible (Martin Fabes, 2009).It has also been argued that Ericksons theory is more applicable to boys rather than girls. There is debate as to whether people only search for identity during the adolescent years or if one stage needs to happen before other stages can be completed (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development). Reflection expose of all theorists that I have studied, Erickson is by far my favorite. After exploring Ericksons stages of development, I agree that his theory does describe the changes in ones life. I do feel that we f ace acrises/conflict in each stage. Although I cannot remember my early stages of development, I have experienced them with my children and as a teacher I have witnessed these crises. At this time I have a child in each stage of development.I know my infant depends on me and I feel that if I do not meet his needs he will develop a sense of mistrust. I also have a child that worries about fitting in and constantly worries about relationships with friends. I feel that I am currently in the middle adulthood stage. I have settled down. I have a family, and I have started a career. Erickson stages of development are especially useful for teachers. Teachers as do parents, play a key role in helping or hindering children in their personality development.Erickson viewed development as a reflection of relationships with parents and family within the broader context of society (Brewer, 2006 p.21). Teachers that follow Ericksons belief will develop programs that allow children the opportunity to build trust and bonds. School age children are dealing with the demands of learning new skills, fitting in with their classmates and accomplishing goals (Morrison, 2007p. 125). I believe that Ericksons stages of development will be beneficial in assisting teachers with observing and responding to their students needs.ResourcesMorrison, G. (2007). Early childhood education today (10th ed.). Upper send River, N.J. Pearson Merrill/Prentice Hall. Brewer, J. (2006). Introduction to Early Childhood Education Preschool Through Primary Grades (6th ed.). Boston, New York Pearson/Allyn Bacon, Martin, C., Fabes, R. (2009). Discovering child development (2nd ed.). Boston, NewYork Houghton Mifflin Company. http//info.psu.edu.sa/psu/maths/Erikson%27s%20Theory%20of%20Psychosocial%20Development%20%282%29.pdf http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development